An introduction to the ornithology of Cuvier : for the use of students and travellers

AN INTRODUCTION

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TO THE

ORNITHOLOGY OF CUVIER,

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FOR THE USE OF

STUDENTS AND TRAVELLERS.

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By T. EDWARD BOWDICH, Esq.

CONDUCTOR OF THE MISSION TO ASIIANTEE , MEMBER OF THE WETTER AVI AN

SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PARIS,

PRINTED BY J. SMITH.

1821.

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PREFACE.

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A his Manual is published with the same useful view
which has been submitted in the Preface to the ‘ Analysis
of the Natural Classification of Mammalia.'

The text is translated from Cuvier, arranged in a ta-
bular form, illustrated by figures, and explained by notes
comprehending the additional information which I have
acquired during a patient study of the subject, preparatory
to^second travel in Africa.

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Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/b28037509

PLATE II

Fig. I.

1. Intermaxillary.

2. Maxillary.

3. Lacrymal.

4. Palate.

5. Jugal.

6. Os quadratum.

7. Temporal.

8. Posterior frontal.

9. Frontal.

10. Parietal.

11. Occipital.

Fio. II.

1. Intermaxillary.

m

2. Anterior frontal.

3. Ethmoidal.

4. Jugal.

5. Frontal.

6. Parietal.

7. Occipital.

Fig. XVI.

1. t. Tectrices minores.

2. t. Ditto majores.

1. r. Primaries or greater remiges.

2. r. Secondaries or lesser ditto.

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sc. Tectrices scapularies.

Fig. XVII.

sc. The humerus on which the scapularies are attached.
s. The radius and ulna . . secondaries

b. The thumb . . bastards

p. The metacarpus and joints, .primaries

THE SECOND CLASS OF VEIITEBRATED ANIMALS.

BIRDS

Are vertebrated oviparous animals, with double respiration
and circulation, organized for flight. Their lungs, not divided,
fixed against the ribs, (1) are enveloped by a membrane pierced
* with large holes, which allow the air to pass into several cavities
in the breast, the lower stomach, arm-pits, and even the interior
of the bones ; so that this fluid not only bathes the surface of the
pulmonary vessels, but also that of an in (ini ty of vessels in the
> rest of the body. (2) Thus, Birds brealhe in certain respects by
the branches of the aorta, as well as by those of their pulmonary
artery; and the energy of their irritability is in proportion to the
quantity of their respiration. Their whole body is so disposed as
to partake of this energy. (3)

(1) The lungs of Mammalia are free and divided, and the dia-
phragm, which separates the cavity of their breast from that of their
belly, does not exist in Birds.

(2) In Mammalia the inspired atmospheric air proceeds no further
than the lungs, where it is immediately decomposed, the oxygen re-
maining to purify the blood which has been returned by the veins,
and the nitrogen escaping, or (according to recent conclusions on
this long contested point) entering into the body in very small
portions : we know that nitrogen is found by chemists in all animal
substances except fat (which when burned produces water and car-
bonic acid in the same proportions as vegetables) j in plants, it is only
found in the Fungi and in the perisperm of the Graminece. The at-
mospheric air not only performs its oilice in the lungs of Birds, but a
portion of it proceeds to the aerian cavities (which are membranous
hags, pervading even the substance of the beak and the skins of the
feathers), insinuates itself between the muscles, and exercises the same
salutary action on the blood contained in the vessels of these various
parts of the body, as on that which has reached the lungs. The blood
of Birds , from this greaterproportion of oxygen, is of a much brighter
red than that of Mammalia .

(3) The fact that two common Sparrows consume as much air as a
Guinea Pig, demonstrates the greater capacity of the smaller frame of
Birds, by means of the aerian cavities. Their system is consequently

(2)

Their anterior extremities, destined to support them in flight,
cannot serve either for resting on or grasping; they are con-
sequently biped, and take objects from the ground with their
mouth : the body being necessarily inclined forwards beyond their
feet, the thighs are in advance, and the toes are elongated to form
a sufficient basis. The pelvis or basin is much extended in length,
to furnish an adequate surface for the attachment of the muscles
which support the body on the thighs. There is also a suite of
muscles going from the basin to the toes, and passing over the
knee and heel, so that the mere weight of the bird curves or con-
tracts the toes; it is thus that they are enabled to sleep perched
upon one foot. (1) The ischions, and especially the pubes, are
prolonged backwards, and are placed wider apart, to leave the
space necessary for the developement of the eggs. See PI. 1.

The neck and beak are elongated to enable them to reach the
earth, but the former has sufficient mobility to bend backwards
when the bird is standing still; it has, therefore, many vertebrae:
on the other hand, the trunk, which merely serves as a support
to the wings, is necessarily moveable only in a small degree. The
sternum (to which the muscles which lower or depress the wing
to strike the air in flight are attached) is of a very great extent,
and its surface is further augmented by a plate or keel, projecting

charged with more oxygen, which we know to be the powerful sup-
porter of respiration, since a small animal, when confined in oxygen
gas, lives thrice as long as another confined in the same hulk of common
air. From imbibing a much greater proportion of this vivifying prin-
ciple, Birds enjoy a much greater irritability ; that is, their muscular
force and digestive powers are greater, and all their efforts and
actions are more energetic, instantaneous, and vigorous than those of
larger animals whose construction does not afford these cavities. Irri-
tability depends on respiration and circulation; sensibility on the brain
and nerves. It is believed that the high temperature which the bodies
of Birds attain, especially when sitting, and that extreme force which
they employ in the act of flying, continued for several days, both de-
pend on the action of the air on the blood.

(1) The course of these muscles from the ilium to the nails, is traced
in the leg of a common Sparrow, fig. 14. It is evident, that when the
angles a a are lessened (on the femur, tibia, and tarsus, ft rl\ becoming
more nearly parallel to each other by the stooping of the bird on the
perch), the tendons are strained to pass over the additional length
created by the greater intervals, b c, between the joints, and the toes
to which these tendons are fixed are cramped by the action. There is
generally a distinct tendon passing to each point of the toes, and they
unite above the knee. From the ilium to this point of union it is a
muscular apparatus, but from thence it becomes tendon.

from the middle. It is formed of five pieces : a middle, of which
this projecting plate is a part ; two anterior lateral for the attach-
ment of the ribs ; and two exterior lateral for the extension of its
surface. (1) The greater or lesser degree of ossification ot the
latter denotes more or less vigour for ilight. The furcula, pro-
duced by the union of the two clavicles, and the two powerful
supports or buttresses formed by the coracoid apophyses, (2) keep
the shoulders widely apart ; the wing sustained by the humerus,
by the fore arm, and by the hand (which is elongated, shewing
one finger and the vestiges of two others), (3) bears a row of
elastic pens along its whole length, considerably extending the
surface which strikes or gives the shock to the air. Ihe pens
adhering to the hand are called primary;, and there are always
ten ; those which proceed from the fore arm are called secondary ,
their number varies ; the weaker feathers attached to the humerus
are called scapulary; the bone which represents the thumb has
also some pens, called bastards. (4)

(1) These five pieces are only distinct in the young bird ; see the
sternum of a fowl, fig. 15, from Geoffroy’s Memoir in the 10th volume
of the Annates de Musee , wherein lie observes, that, in general, one
half of the sternal ribs, r r , proceed from the anterior laterals, and the
other half from the posterior laterals ; hut it sometimes happens, that
the greater number, or even the whole, are attached to the former:
a a are the anterior laterals, p p the posterior; s is the part corres-
ponding to our sternum.

(2) See pi. 1. The apophysis is the base or round end of the hone,
fitting into the opposite socket; the epiphysis is a small hone articu-
lated on the upper surface of the extremity of a large bone, as in the
humerus of pi. 1 : the trace of these articulations remains distinct in
Mammalia for six or seven years; hut in Birds they are obliterated
very soon after birth, their more active life demanding and perfecting
an earlier ossification of the epiphysis. We know that the bony
matter is deposited by the blood of the arteries, whilst the calcareous is

I carried off by the lymphatic vessels; consequently, as the circulation
of Birds is much more rapid, from the stimulus of the greater propor-
tion of oxygen, the bony matter is supplied and appropriated much
I more speedily than in Mammalia.

(3) In Mammalia it is always the middle finger which is rudimen-
H tary when the others are wanting ; hence it is concluded to be the
I middle finger which is the most perfect in the arm or wing of Birds ;
I see pi. 1 , fj.

(0 See fig. 17, the bones of the wing of a common Sparrow;
I also fig. 16. The primaries are also called the greater remiges ,
I and the secondaries the lesser ; the lower scapularies are called the
tectrices majores, the upper the tectrices minores ; the tectrices sca-
pulares are situated at the lateral edge of the wing nearest the body

The bony taii is very short, but it also bears a row of strong
pens, which, by spreading, contribute to the support of the bird ;
their number is generally twelve, sometimes fourteen, and, in the
Gallinacecv, even as many as eighteen.

The legs have a femur, a tibia, and a peronaeum or fibula, con-
nected with the femur by an elastic ligament, by means of which
the extension is maintained without any effort on the part of the
muscles. (1) The tarsus and metatarsus are represented by a
single bone, terminating, towards the base, in three pullies.

There are most frequently three toes in front, and a great toe
behind ; the latter is sometimes wanting. The great toe is directed
forwards in the Martins. In the S 'cansorcs (Climbers) the last
as well as the creat toe is directed backwards. The number of
articulations or joints increases at every toe, beginning with the
great toe, which has two; and ending with the last toe, which has
five. (2)

Birds are generally covered with feathers, the species of tegu-
ment best adapted to defend them from the rapid variations of

of the bird, and are particularly developed in the Alauda (Merops),
hanging down between the body and the wing. The bastards form
what is sometimes called the alula ; they are strong feathers, or pens,
situated in the upper end of the under surface of the wing, and very
much developed in the Genus Falco. The tectrices inferiores are
soft feathers between the bastards and the body. The feathers of the
tail (which also has its tectrices superiores and inferiores ) are called
rectrices , from being compared to a helm.

(1) I have attempted to render this clear by the figures 7, 8 and
9. In fig. 7, the ligament is in the relaxed state in which it rests when
the femur and tibia are nearly perpendicular, or at least form a very
obtuse angle ; r is a small rise or swelling in that part of the bone, in
passing over which the ligament is compelled to strain or lengthen
itself, as in fig. 8 ; directly it has passed this swelling, the strain ceases,
and it instantly contracts, resuming the same state as at first, but on the
contrary side of the swelling, as in fig. 9. Thus the peculiar jirk in
the walk of Birds, particularly in the Grallce, is explained; the exer-
tion of the muscles raises the leg and foot from the ground, until the
femur and tibia form the angle which strains the ligament to the
utmost, as in fig. 8; and the sudden contraction of this ligament spon-
taneously raises the foot with a catch or jerk, as much higher from the
ground as the gait of the bird requires; in setting the foot to the
ground in order to raise the other, the muscles are again called upon
to act, until the ligament has resumed the position of fig. 8, its sub-
sequent and sudden release and contraction replacing the loot on the
ground as at first.

(2) This is also the case with Reptiles ; in Mammalia there are
always an equal number of joints to each toe.

temperature to which their movements expose them. The aerian
cavities which occupy the interior of their body, and even the place
of the marrow in the bones, diminish their specific gravity. (1)
The sternal portion of the ribs is ossified like the vertebral, in order
ri to give more force to the dilatation of the breast. (2)

The eye of Birds is disposed so as to distinguish near and distant
objects equally well. A vascular folded membrane, which pro-
u ceeds from the bottom of the globe to the edge of the chrystalline,
probably contributes to this property, by displacing the lentil.
The anterior face of the globe is strengthened by a circle com-
| posed of bony pieces ; and besides the two ordinary eye-lids, there
3 is always a third placed in the inner angle, which, by means of a
1 curious muscular apparel, can cover the front of the eye like a
I curtain. (5) The cornea is very convex, but the chrystalline is
| flat, and the vitrea small.

The ear of Birds has but one bone between the tympanum and
t the fenestra ovalis ; (4) their helix is a cone, scarcely arched; but
1 their semi-circular canals are large, and lodged in a part of the
I* skull, where they are environed on all sides by aerian cavities,
| which communicate with the os quadratum. The nocturnal birds
u alone have a large exterior conch, which, however, does not
1 project like that of quadrupeds ; it is generally covered with feathers
I with finer beards than the others. (5)

The organ of smell, hid in the base of the beak, has generally

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(1) The purpose of this organisation, however, is not well under-
stood ; it is not to aid their flight, as we might at first suppose, since
the Ostrich and the Casoar are full of these aerian cavities, and yet
scarcely fly at all; whilst the Genera Larus and Anus , (with the ex-
ception of the common Duck) and Birds which hunt on the surface
of waters, whose frames are comparatively deficient in these cavities,
(fig. 4=5, *-?) and whose bones are full of marrow instead of air, fly ex-
ceedingly well.

(2) It will be recollected that this part of the ribs is only cartila-
ginous in Mammalia.

(3) This, which is called the nictitating membrane, being trans-
lucent, defends the eye of the bird when flying in face of the sun,
without obstructing the sight. It is for the same purpose, in fact, as
the coloured glass in our instruments for observing the sun. It also
protects the eye of the Diving Birds, when under water.

4 (4) In Mammalia there are three, and they are articulated angu-
larly.

(5) We must lay back the feathers with our fingers to discover the
conch, which is a thin leathery piece of flesh, in shape not unlike our
own ; but the orifice of the ear is behind instead of before it.

( 6 )

only cartilaginous cornea, three in number, which vary in com -
plication; it is very sensible, although it has not any sinus hol-
lowed out in the thickness of the skull. ( 1 ) The width of the bony
openings of the nostrils determines the form of the beak; and
the cartilages, the membranes, the feathers, and other teguments
which narrow these openings, influence the strength of smell, and
the kind of nourishment.

The tongue has but little muscular substance, and is sustained
by a prolongation of the os hyoidis. (2)

The feathers as well as the pens, for they only differ in size,
are composed ol a stem (hollow at its base), and beards, which
bear others still smaller ; their texture, their brilliance, their
strength, their general form, varies to infinity. The touch must
be weak in all the parts which are covered with feathers; and as
the beak is almost always horny, and not very sensible, and the
toes are covered with scales above and a callous skin below, this
sense must be of very little efficacy in birds.

The feathers fall twice every year. In certain species, the
winter plumage differs from that of the summer; in the greater
number, the female differs from the male by less lively colours,
and then the young ones of both sexes resemble the female. When
male and female adults are of the same colour, the young ones
have a plumage peculiar to themselves.

(1) In Mammalia , these sinuses (which are distinguished from simple
cavities by having a channel of communication with the seat of some
organ) are covered, as well as the cornea, with a soft membrane, upon
which the branches of the olfactory nerves are distributed: their surface
(against which the volatile particles of the effluvia of bodies strike after
passing through the nose) is thus much more developed or spread, and
consequently more susceptible. The tracing of the olfactory nerves to
the palate, by Jacobson, satisfactorily accounts for the intimate sympathy
between taste and smell. The projection of forehead in the Owl and
the Elephant, which induced the ancients to attribute superior wisdom
to them, is caused by the large cells between the interior and exterior
sufaces of the frontal bone. In the Elephant they communicate with
the nostrils, and are therefore true sinuses, which probably strengthen
the sense of smelling ; but in the Owl they are simple insulated ca-
vities.

(2) See fig. 12, wherein c is the cartilaginous prolongation of the
os hyoidis , and t the upper part of the trachea , the orifice of which is
closed at the pleasure of the animal. Dumeril observes, that the organ
of taste scarcely exists in Birds; that, in general, they have no saliva,
and swallow their food without mastication. There are some, how-
ever, Parrots and Ducks, for instance, which appear to taste their food,
and also possess the organs for furnishing saliva.

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( 7 )

The brain of Birds has the same general characters as that of
other oviparous vertebrated animals, but it is distinguished by a
very considerable proportionate size, which often even surpasses
that of the same organ in Mammalia. Its volume consists prin-
cipally of tubercles, analogous to the “ canneLes ” and not in the
hemispheres, which are very thin, and without circumvolutions. (1)
The cerebellum is tolerably large, almost without lateral lobes,
and almost entirely formed by the vermiform process.

The trachea of Birds has its rings entire; at its bifurcation is a
glottis, generally provided with distinct muscles, and called the
inferior Larynx ; it is there that the voice ol birds is formed; the
enormous volume of air contained in the aerian cavities contributes
to the strength, and the trachea , by its various forms and move-
ments, to the modifications of the voice. (2) The superior Larynx
is very simple, and does not avail much.

The face or superior beak of Birds, formed principally by their
intermaxiLLaries , is prolonged behind in two arcades; the internal

(1) This is the corpus rectiforme , which makes a part of the cere-
bellum in Birds ; there is no middle lobe, which disappears in all the

, Mammalia below Apes. Sensibility is considered to depend on the
proportion of brain and nerve: in our common Ducks and Fowls, the
brain is not more than l-300tli part of the size of the whole body,

, whilst in Swallows, Parrots, Canaries, and others, it amounts to 1-1 4th
i part. Thus, the former, in whom a much smaller proportion of nerve
is developed, are unequal to the art of making nests; whilst the latter
display much ingenuity in the fabric, know where to find them again
* after a long absence, whistle and sing in their dreams, and display their
superior sensibility in a variety of ways. We know that Swallow s fre-
1 quently fall to the ground in fits from their extreme sensibility.

(2) See fig. 13, wherein g* is the glottis, which is of a horny sub-
stance. In Mammalia the bifurcation takes place without the inter-
vention of a glottis. The inferior larynx is enlarged variously (some-
times into two large lobes) according to the nature of the voice of the
bird. The circles which are continued all round in Birds , extend only
half round the trachea? of Mammalia. In the latter the voice is
formed in the upper part of the trachea ; in the former, in the lower or
distinct part of which we have been speaking, and which has a small
apparatus within, precisely similar to the mouth of a clarionet; whilst
in Mammalia the trachea contains two chords only, which vibrate
whenever we choose to pass a current of air through them, and thus
produce the voice. This may be demonstrated in a degree by blowing
gently through the tracheae of Mammalia and Birds , even after dis-
section. Referring to this, M. Cuvier, in his Comparative Anatomy,
has happily compared the trachea of Birds to a wind, and that of Mam-
malia to a stringed instrument.

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of which is composed of the hones of the palate , and the external
of the maxillaries and the jugals, Loth of which rest upon a
flexible tympanic hone, vulgarly called the square hone ; (1) this
same face. or front is articulated or united to the skull above by
elastic plates; a mode of union which always leaves some mohi-
%. (2)

The horn which covers the two mandibles supplies the place
of teeth, and is sometimes prickled in such a manner as to repre-
sent them ; its form, as well as that of the mandibles which support
it, varies to infinity, according to the kind of food to which each
species is accustomed.

The digestion of Birds is in proportion to the activity of their
life and the strength of their respiration. The stomach is com-
posed of three parts : the crop, which is an enlargement of the
oesophagus ; the succenturium , a membranous stomach, furnished
within its cells by a multitude of glands, the juice of which is
imbibed by the aliments ; and the gizzard, armed with two vigorous
muscles, united by two tendons, radiated and covered withinside
by a velvet-like cartilage. (5) The aliments are ground there, and
the more easily in proportion as the Birds take the precaution to

(1) Tn Mammalia the os quadratum (see fig. 1, pi. 2) makes but
one with the temporal ; Geoffroy first shewed that it was distinct in
the 2d, 3d, and 4th Classes of Vertebrated animals. In the Genus
Testudo of the 3d, it appears scarcely separated, as if in the act of quit-
ting the temporal.

(2) See the skull of a Duck, figs. 1 and 2 : the maxillary ceases at the
small rising which indicates its articulation with th ejugal. The upper
mandible being united to the skull by an elastic plate (/>. fig. 3.) like a
very thin slip of whalebone, has the power of raising itself towards the
forehead ; a motion impossible to the upper jaws of Mammalia .

(3) Fig. 11 was drawn from a preparation of the inside of a common
fowl ; cb is the oesophagus; s the succenturium , and g the gizzard,
which communicates internally at c- d is the duodenum or the first 12
inches of the intestines. The crop, or prolobus (/?.), is represented
empty; when full, it swells out like that of the Vulture, fig. 29. Fig. 6“
is the stomach of the Heron; fig. 5 of the Procellaria Pelagica; fig. 4
of the Ostrich : the cj'op is wanting*5 in each, but the succenturium is
considerably developed. In the Heron it is confounded with the
gizzard , which, however, is easily distinguished by its muscular fibres.
In the Procellaria, the succenturium is very distinct from the gizzard
or third stomach. In the Ostrich, the stomach seems divided into two
parts ; the upper and smaller of the two is more glandulous than the
other. The grain or aliment remains long enough in the crop to be
mollified by the heat and the humour (analogous to the saliva) which
is discharged from its cells ; so that, in fact, their food is chewed there,

swallow small stones, to augment the trituration. (2) In the
greater number of species which only live on flesh or fish, the
muscles and the lining of the gizzard are reduced to an extreme
weakness, and it seems to form but a single bag with the suc-
centurium. (5) The dilatation of the crop is also sometimes
wanting. (4)

The liver pours the bile into the intestines by two conduits,
1 which alternate with* the two or three by which the pancreatic
liquor passes. (5) The pancreas of Birds is considerable, but
their spleen is small ; they want the epiploon, the uses of which
are partly supplied by the cells of the aerian cavities; (6) two blind
appendices are placed towards the origin of the rectum, and at a
little distance from the anus ; they are more or less long, accord-
ing to the diet of the bird. (7) The Herons have but one, which
is short; other genera, as the Pici, want them entirely.

instead of in the mouth, which is not furnished with salivary glands
!> like ours.

1(2) The digestion of Birds is thus assisted by a mechanical in addition
to the chemical power.

(3) The most striking proof that it is much more laborious to digest
vegetables than flesh, is, that the intestines of the ca t, which eats nothing
but flesh in its wild state, become one-third longer in the domestic
state, when they so frequently eat vegetables and bread: they are
known to be the same species.

(4) The Anas and the Insectivores of Temminck [\\\oAnt Eaters,\he
Moiacillce of Lin. Cincli , etc.) also want the crop or pro lob us. When
the crop, or even the succenturium, is wanting, as in the Aquilae, the
Bird is supplied either with very long intestines or very long caecums,
and the upper part of the gizzard or stomach is generally armed with
numerous extra glands, the juices from which compensate in a degree
for the absence of the other aids of digestion. This muscular stomach
or gizzard of Birds is said to be more fleshy in proportion as the animal
possesses a weaker beak, or as its nourishment is more solid. On (put-
ting this stomach, the aliments, reduced to a sort of pap or chyme,
pass through the rest of the intestinal canal, wherein the most nutri-
tive parts are absorbed for the support or repair of the body ; the rest
being ejected by the cloaca. "Vauquclin discovered twice the quantit y
of phosphate of lime in the excrements of Birds, which he found in the
grains forming their exclusive nourishment.

(5) The secretion of the pancreas is to moderate or soften the strength
of the bile. b

(6) The epiploon is a sort of web, enveloping the intestines oi Mam-
malia, to support them in their place, and the injury of which is the
cause of hernia or rupture.

(7) I he use of the ccecum is not known ; see fig. 10, c c , those of the
common fowl ; this Bird is provided with long caecums as well as the

( 10 )

The cloaca is a pocket, in which the rectum, the ureters, and
the spermatic canals, or, in the female, the oviductuses, (1) termi-
nate ; its exterior opening is the anus. (2) In general, Birds do
not discharge their urine, hut it mixes with the solid excrements.
The Ostriches, alone, have the cloaca sufficiently dilated for the
urine to accumulate there.

In the greater number of genera, copulation takes place by the
juxta- position of the anus; the Ostriches and several Palmipedes,
however, have a penis, with a deep furrow on the outer surface,
by which the seed is conducted. The testicles are situated in the
interior, above the kidnies, and near the lungs ; there is but one
ovary and one oviductus.

The egg detached from the ovary, where the yolk only is per-
, ceptible, imbibes the exterior liquor, called the ivhite , in the
upper part of the oviductus, and is furnished with its shell in the
lower part of the canal ; the young one is developed by incubation,
unless the heat of the climate is sufficient, as it is with Ostriches.
It has a horny tip at the end of its beak, which enables it to cleave
the egg, and which falls off a few days after birth. (3)

three stomachs, since it feeds almost entirely on grain, which is one of
the most difficult aliments to digest.

(1) In the winter season the oviductuses of Birds are scarcely distin-
guishable, on dissection ; but in the spring they are very evidently
developed, and the end nearest the ovary enlarges considerably, and
environs it, to receive the falling eggs.

(2) In Mammalia , the rectum is continued to the anus , the ureters
pass from the kidnies into the bladder, and both these channels and
apertures are distinct; in Birds the anus is the inferior opening of a
large bag, called cloaca , from its being a reservoir for the faeces as well
as the secretions, and into which the rectum, the ureters, the spermatic
ducts , and the bursa fabricii discharge their contents. The use of the
secretion discharged into the cloaca by the bursa fabricii , which does
not exist in Mammalia , is considered by some Naturalists to be that of
colouring the yolk of the egg.

(3) Eggs require a heat of nearly 54° of Farenheit to enable the
germ to develope itself. Almost all Birds sit and fast during the incu-
bation: they feel a sort of fever produced by maternal love, which
sometimes elevates their temperature as high as 79°. "We first observe
the germ besprinkled with red spots (which we soon recognise to be
blood vessels) towards the centre, where we next perceive the heart in
motion ; we afterwards begin to distinguish the head, with two large
eyes; the beak, the wings, and the claws are then developed; but all
these parts are in a state of considerable softness. The albuminous
matter is absorbed in proportion to the developement of the foetus.
The yolk does not appear to diminish in size, and it is only at the mo-

( 11 )

Every one knows the varied industry which Birds exercise in
the construction of their nests, and the tender care which they
take of their eggs and their young ones; it is the principal part of
their instinct. Their rapid passage through the different regions
of the atmosphere, and the lively and constant action of this
element upon them, afford the means of presaging variations of
the atmosphere of which we have no idea; which circumstance has,
from the earliest limes, induced superstition to attribute to Birds
the power of announcing the future; (1) neither do they want
memory, or even imagination, for they dream; and every one
knows with what facility they are tamed, allow themselves to he
trained to different services, and retain airs and words.

* Division of the Class of Birds into Orders.

Of all the Classes of Animals that of Birds is the most marked,
that in which species most resemble each other, and which is

* separated from all others by the greatest interval; its subdivision
is consequently more difficult.

Their distribution is founded, like that of Mammalia, on the
organs of manducation, or the beak ; and on those of prehension,
that is to say, the beak, and, especially, the feet.

We are first struck with the palmated feet, or those of which
the toes are united by membranes, which distinguish all the
swimming birds. The backward position of these feet, the length
of the sternum, the neck often longer than the legs (to reach the
deeper places) , the close smooth plumage (impervious to water),
contribute to make the Palmipedes good navigators.

In the other Birds which have, generally, some little web, at
least between the external toes, we observe elevated tarsi; thighs
naked of feathers towards the lower part; a slender shape; in a
word, all the construction proper for fording or walking along
the edges of waters, to search for food. Such in fact is the diet
of the greater number, and, although some live on dry land, they
are called Shore Birds or Grallse.

ment when the bird is ready to be hatched, that this humour disap-
pears, entering hy the naval into the belly of the young bird. The
yolk is supposed to be absorbed in the interior of the body, as it passes
into the intestines, and may be considered as a sort of milk or tirst
nourishment.

(1) The Palmipedes and Grallse, for instance, always come to land
when they foresee a storm ; the Procellaricc, more especially, amongst
the former, and the Fulica? amongst the latter.

ft

( 12 )

Amongst the true Land Birds, the Gallinaceae have, like our
domestic cock, a heavy appearance ; short flight ; a middle-sized
beak, the upper mandible vaulted; the nostrils, partly covered
with a soft swelled scale; and, almost always, the toes dentated
at the edges, and short membranes between those in front. They
live principally on grains.

Birds of Prey have the beak crook’d, with a sharp point, and
curved towards the base, which is entirely covered by a membrane
wherein the nostrils are pierced ; their feet are armed with strong
nails. They live on flesh, and pursue other Birds : most of them,
therefore, have a powerful flight. The greater number have a
small web between the external toes.

The Passeres comprehend many more species than all the other
Families, but their organisation offers so much analogy that we
cannot separate them, though they differ very much in size and
strength. Their two external toes are united at their bases, and
sometimes in a part of their length.

Lastly, we have given the name of Climbers to the Birds whose
external toe is turned behind like the great toe, because the
greater number employ a construction so favourable to the vertical
position, in climbing the trunks of trees.

Each of these orders is subdivided into Families and Genera,
principally according to the formation of the beak.

SECOND CLASS OF YERTEBRATED ANIMALS.

ORDERS.

3. AcciriTRES, Lin.

Beak crook’d. Fig. 18. Talons crook’d ; 3
Nostrils inserted in a toes before, 1 behind,
cera. Fig. 18. A short membrane,

generally, between the
two external toes. Fig.

19.

✓

?. Passeres.

All such as cannot be
classed in the other five
orders.

3. Soansores, Ilhger .
Grimpeurs, Cuvier.

( 13 )

/

The external toe
turned behind with
the great toe. Fig. 20.

4. Gallinace/E, Lin.

The upper jaw or The anterior toes
mandible vaulted. Fig. united at their base
22. The nostrils placed by a short membrane,
in a large membranous dentated along the
space from the base of edge. Fig. 23.
the beak, and covered
by a cartilaginous scale.

Fig. 21.

5. GRALLiE, Lin. Echas*

SIERS, ClLV.

Naked thighs. Fig.
24.

6. Palmipedes.

The only birds whose Palmated feet, for Plumage imbued
neck exceeds the length running, on shortcom- with an oily juice;
of their legs. pressed tarsi, fixed in skin furnished with a

the hinder part of the thick down,
body. Fig. 25.

Birds of Prey ( Accipitres , Lin.) are distinguished or recog-
nised by their crook’d beak and nails; powerful weapons, with
which they pursue other Birds, and even the weaker Quadrupeds
and Reptiles. They are the same, amongst Birds, as the Carni-
vora amongst Quadrupeds. The muscles of their legs and thighs
indicate the force of their talons ; their tarsi are rarely elongated.
They all have four toes and the nails of the great and middle toes
are the strongest.

( 14 )

t *

LINNAEUS’S

DIVISION OF THE ORDER
ACCIPITRES

INTO

GENERA

Rostrum rectum apice aduncum.

Caput impenne antice nuda cute.

Lingua bifida.

Colium retractile.

Rostrum acluncum hasi cera instructum. (1)
Caput pennis arete tectum.

Lingua bifida.

Rostrum acluncum (absque cera). (2)

Nares oblongae, pennis setaceis recumbentibus
obtectae.

Caput grande auribus oculisque magnis.

Lingua bifida.

Rostrum rectiusculum dente utrinque versus
apicern basi nudum.

Lingua lacera.

Latham divides the Order Accipitres simply into Genera, as
Linnaeus has done, but he has removed the Genus Lanius to the
succeeding Order, like Cuvier; whilst Eechstein, Temminck, and
others, retain it in the present.

(1) Latham also retains this as a distinct character of the Genus

Falco, whereas it is eviclentlv common to the Genus Fultur z\so.

' •/

(2) The cera exists in this Genus, covered wholly, or in part, with stiff
hairs. Latham subdivides this Genus into auriculatce and inauriculatce ;
the other Genera present no subdivisions, and thus the traveller, for it
may be no inconvenience to the Ornithologist, is perhaps obliged to
search through 41 closely printed Ito. pages to find a species of Falco. The
admirable sagacity and laborious observation of Linnaeus, although he
founded his system on the exterior of animals, led him to foresee many
of the peculiarities of their interior construction, which the science of
Cuvier has demonstrated as the bases of a natural system , and most of
the Genera of the former will be recognised in the Families of the
latter.

1. Tultur,

2. Falco.

3. Strix.

4. Lanius.

i

( 15 )

ORDER J. ACC1PITRES.

FAMILIES.

1. DlUBN/E.

Nostrils inserted in a
naked cera. Fig. 18.

3 toes before ; 1 be-
hind without feathers.

Eyes directed side
ways.

2. Nocturne.

Nostrils pierced at External toe turned Large eyes directed
the anterior edge of a behind at pleasure. frontways,
cera, covered more or
less with stiff hairs, p. 27.

The Diurnai have their eyes directed sideways ; a membrane
called cera covering the base of the beak, in which the nostrils
are pierced; three toes before, one behind without feathers ; the
two external toes almost always united at their base by a short
membrane; their plumage close; their pens strong; their flight
powerful; their stomach almost entirely membranous; their in-
testines little extended ; their caecum very short ; their sternum
large and completely ossified, to afford a more extended surface
for the attachment of the muscles of the wing ; and their furcula
semi-circular, and very much widened, the better to resist the
violent depressions of the humeri, necessary to a rapid flight.
Linnaeus made but two Genera of them,, which are two natural
divisions, the Vultures and the Falcons, (i)

The Noctuvncr have a large head, very large eyes, directed
forwards, encircled by a ring of fine feathers, the anterior of

(1) 1 extraetthe following addenda from M. Temminck’s description
of this order, in his Manuel cP Ornithologie, after Bechstein, Meyer,
and bis own superb collection, universally allowed to lie the first in
Europe.

u Beak compressed; nostrils open; toes rough underneath; nails
pointed. These birds live in monogamy; they nest on inaccessible
rocks, or very high trees ; the number of their eggs never exceeds six.
Their food consists entirely of living, or very rarely of dead prey, which
they swallow in pieces enveloped in the hairs or feathers, these sub-
stances, as well, as the bones, forming a ball in the stomach, and being
rejected by the mouth ; they eat copiously when an opportunity pre-
sents itself, but they can fast several days; the blood of their victims is
sufficient to quench their thirst. The female is generally a third larger
in sise than the male.” Dumeril observes that the male birds of this
Order never sit on the eggs, but nourish the female while she does so.

/

( 16 ) Accipitres.

which cover the membrane of the beak, and the posterior the
opening of the ear. Their enormous pupil admits so many rays,
that they are dazzled by the full day. Their skull thick, but of
a slight substance, has large cavities which communicate with the
ear, and probably strengthen their sense of hearing; but their
flying apparatus does not possess great force. Their furcula can
resist but little. Their feathers, with soft beards and fine down,
do not make the least noise when flying. Their external toe may
be directed, at pleasure, before or behind. These Birds generally
fly during the twilight and moonlight. When they are attacked
by day, or struck by some new object, they do not fly away, but
erect themselves, assume strange postures, and make ridiculous
gestures. Their gizzard is tolerably muscular, although their
prey is entirely animal, consisting of mice, small birds, and insects,
but it is preceded by a large crop; their caecums are long and
enlarged at the end. Small birds have a natural antipathy to
them, and assemble from all parts to attack them, for which
reason they are employed to attract birds into snares.

FAMILY I. DIURNJE.

1. Vultur, Lin. Vul-
ture.

Beak elongated, cur-
ved towards the end.

Eyes even with the
head. p. 18.

2. Griffon. Gyraetos,
Storr. Phene, Sa-
vi°ny.

o %/

Nostrils covered with
stiff hairs, directed for-
wards, and a brush of
the same under the
beak. Fig. 31.

GENERA. |

Part of the head
neck bare.

Head and neck en-
tirely covered with
feathers.

v Wings so long that
they hold them half
extended when walk-
ing.

3. Fa lco, Lin. Falcon.

Projecting eyebrows,
making the eyes appear
sunk, and giving them
a physiognomy entirely
different to that of the
other Genera. Fig. 32.
p. 19.

( 17 )

Vultures have their eyes even with their heads? their tarsi
reticulated, that is to say, covered with little roundish scales
(fig. 19) ; the Leak long, curved only at the end; a greater or
lesser part of the head, or even of the neck, naked of feathers.
The strength of their talons is not proportionate to their size, and
they make more use of their beak. Their wings are so long, that
they hold them half extended when walking. They are cowardly
birds, and feed on carrion oftener than on living prey; after they
have eaten, their crop forms a large projection above their lurcula
(fig. 29) ; a foetid humour runs from their nostrils, and they are
almost reduced to a state of stupidity. (1)

The Griffons, placed by Gmelin in the Genus Falco, approach
near to the V ultures by their manners and conformation. Their
eyes are even with their head; their talons are proportionably
weak ; the wings are half spread during the time of repose; their
crop, when full, projects from the base of the neck, but their head
is entirely covered with feathers ; their distinguishing character
consists in a very strong beak, straight, crook’d at the end, swelled
at the crook; and in nostrils covered with stiff bristles directed
forwards, and a brush of similar bristles under the beak ; their
tarsi are very short, and feathered as far as the toes ; their wings
very long, and the third pen feather the longest. (2)

The only species of Griffon yet known is the V . Barbaras
(Bearded Vulture, Vulturine Eagle, Lath.) the largest of all Birds
of Prey in the Old World. Fig. 3i.

Falcons form by far the most numerous Division of the Diurnal

(1) The inferior mandible straight, rounded, and inclined towards
the point; mouth terminating in advance of the eyes; head naked, or
covered with a very short down; wings sensibly rounded; the first
remex short, not equalling the sixth ; their second and third less long
than the fourth, which is the longest. Their flight, although slow,
allows them to rise to a prodigious height; their ascent h managed by
winding, and their descent in the same wTay ; their sight is piercing ;
the organ of smelling singularly perfect ; their attitude embarrassed,
and their gait heavy: they live in troops, and feed solely on carrion;
They nest on the most inaccessible rocks, carry the nourishment for
their young in their cFops, and vomit it before them. — Tern.

Their nests are composed of branches and small slips of wrood. —
Dnmeril.

(2) Head small; nostrils oval ; feet short; four toes, tlie three front
united by a short membrane, the middle toe very long. Nails slightly
crook’d; the first remex of the wing a little shorter than the second.
They live in pairs, constantly feed on living prey, which they eat on
the spot without taking any away in their talons. — Tem.

( 18 ) Accipitres. ( Biurnce .)

Birds of Prey. They have the head and neck covered with
feathers ; their eyebrows form a projection which makes the eye
appear sonic in, and gives a character to their physiognomy very
different to that of the Vultures. The greater part feed on living
prey, but they differ much amongst themselves with respect to
the courage they evince in pursuing it. Their first plumage is
often differently coloured to that of the adults; they only assume
the latter in their third or fourth year, which has caused the
species to be much multiplied by naturalists. The female is
generally a third larger than the male, for which reason the latter
is called Tiercelet. (1)

^ . *

GENUS I. VULTUR.

SUB-GENERA.

1 . Vultures Proper ,

Cuv.

Reaklarge and strong. Nostrils crossways. Head and neck
Fig. 28. without feathers.

2. Sarcoramphus, Bu-
rner il.

The cera'at the base
of the beak surmounted
by carunculce. T ig. 28,

30.

Nostrils oval and
longitudinal.

3. Fercnopterus, Ciw.

Gypaetos, Beciistein.

Neophron, Savigny.

Catiiartes, Illiger.

Beak long and thin. Nostrils oval,longi- Head, only, naked.
Fig. 27. tudinal.

V allures, properly so called, have the beak large and strong,
trie nostrils crossways on the base, the head and neck without
feathers, and a collar of long feathers at the base of the neck. —
They have as yet been only seen in the Old World. V ultur
FulviiSy lig. 1 8 ; V ultur Cinereus , fig. 29; V ultur Auricularis ,
fig. 26.

(1) Beak crook’d; the inferior mandible obliquely rounded, and,
sometimes, both sloped. Nostrils lateral, rounded, open. Tarsi covered
with feathers, or smooth and covered with scales. Nails sharp, very
much crook’d. Wings with strong stems. — Tem.

( 19 )

Sarcoramphus. — America produces some Vultures remarkable
for the caruncula) surmounting the membrane at the base of their
beak, which is large as in the preceding, but the nostrils are oval
or longitudinal. These are the Sarcoramphi ofDumeril. V ultur
Papa , Lin. (King of the Vultures , Latham) lig. 28. Vultur
Gryphus ( Great Vulture of the Andes) , fig. 5o, which habitually
prefers an elevation at which the mercury of the barometer sinks
to about sixteen inches. (1)

The Percnopteri have the beak thin, long, and swelled
above. Its head only, and not the neck, naked of feathers. These
are birds of a moderate size, and their force does not approach that
of the Vultures properly so called. They are therefore much more
eager after carrion and all sorts of offal, which attracts them from
a great distance. They do not even refuse excrements. V ultur

Percnop. (Egyptian Vulture, Alpine V ulture , Latham), fig. 27.
Vultur Aura (Turkey Buzzard, Latham).

GENUS III. FALCO.

SUB-GENEltA.

1. Noejles.

A sharp tooth at Second feather of
each side of the point the wing the longest,
of the beak. Fig. 35. Wings as long and

longer than the tail.

2. ITiero-Falco, Cilv.

A festoon, instead of
a tooth, on each side
of the point of the
beak. Fig. 33.

Tail longer than the
wing, which is ttie
same as that of the
Nobiles.

3. Ignobiles.

A slight festoon in
the middle of the beak.

Fig. 34.

Fourth feather of
the wing the longest.

p. 21.

(1) I expect that the Vulture of Ashantee will form a subdivision in
the Sarcoramphi , which have hitherto only been found in America.
Its cera is crowned with a caruncula, which, when the bird is flying,
is small, but when it is seeking food, is so much elongated as to hang
over the tip of the beak; when in the act of feeding, or when satiated,
it hangs on one side to the length of two inches. This caruncula, and
the skin of the head and neck, is wrinkled like that of a Turkey, and
generally of a deep red, but sometimes of a pale livid blue. The
plumage is dark brown, and it performs the same offices as the Pcr-
cnopterus.

( 20 ) Accipitres. ( Diurncc .)

The Nobiles , or Falcons properly so called, are the most
courageous in proportion to their size, a quality which proceeds
from the strength of their beak, talons, and wings. Their beak,
curved from its base, has a sharp tooth on each side of its point;
and the second pen feather of their wings is the longest, the first
being also nearly as long, which renders the entire wing longer,
and more pointed. Some peculiar habits result from this. The
length of the pen feathers weakens their vertical effort, and renders
their flight in a calm atmosphere very oblique forwards, which
obliges them, when they wish to rise in a straight line, to, fly
against the wind. These are the most docile of all birds, and the
most serviceable in the art of falconry; being taught to pursue
the game, and to return when called. They all have their wings
as long or longer than the tail, (i )

Falco Communis , Gm. (the Common Falcon, Yearling Falcon,
Haggard Falcon, Lath.) — Falco Subbateo , (Hobby Falcon, Lath.)
etc. etc.

The Sacred Falcons have the pen feathers of the wings as in
other Noble Birds, all of whose inclinations they also evince ; but
their beak has only a festoon, like that of the Ignobiles. Their
tail, long and spread, evidently surpasses their wings, although
the latter are very long. Their short and reticulated tarsi are
covered with feathers one third of their length. Falco Can-
dicans , (Speckled Partridge Hawk, Lath.)

The Ignobiles (so called because they cannot well be employed
in falconry,) are a more numerous tribe than that of the Nobiles,
and more necessary to subdivide. The longest pen feather of
their wings is almost always the fourth, and the first is very short,
which produces the same effect as if their wing had been obliquely
chopped off at the end, whence a weaker flight ensues. In all
other respects they are equal, except that their beak is not so
well armed, because there is no lateral tooth near its point, but
only a slight festoon in the middle of the length.

(1) Beak strong; very short; inferior mandible sloped; nostrils
wide; feet strong; toes strong, armed with curved and sharp nails;
the first remex of the wing short, of equal length with the third, the
second the longest. They nourish themselves with living prey,
without ever feeding upon dead, and shew much address either in
seizing or surprising it: they pursue birds at full speed, or fall perpen-
dicularly upon them ; and like to nest in rocks or in ruins ol houses.—

rti

l em.

( 21 )

SUB-GENUS III. IGNOBILES.

1. Aquila, R?'iss. JEa-

GEES.

Beak very strong,
straight at its base, cur-
ved only towards the
point. Fig. 32. p. 24.

2. Astur, Rechstein.
D^edalion, Savigny.
Autoues, Cuv.

Beak curved from the
base. p. 26.

3. Milvus, Rechstein.
Kite.

Tarsi short, toes and
nails feeble.

Beak curved from the
base, but disproportion-
ately feeble. Fig. 3 6. p. 2 6.

4. Pernis, Cuv.

Beak as Milvus.
Interval between the
eye and beak covered
with close scaly fea-
thers; and not naked or
merely hairy as in all
the others of the Genus
Falco.

5. Buteo, Rechstein.
Buzzards, Lath.

Interval between the
eye and beak naked.

6. Circus, Rechstein.

A collar on each side
of the neck, formed by
the ends of the feathers
covering the neck. Fig.
34.

TRIBES.

Wings shorter than
the tail.

Wings excessively

long.

Tarsi half covered
with feathers, reticu-
lated.

Wings at least as
long as the tail.

Tarsi longer than in
the tribe Ruteo ; the
wings the same.

Tail forked.

Wings long, but tail

not forked.

Tail even.

Tail even

Accipitres. ( Diurnce.')

7. Serpentarius, Clip.

Gypogeranus, Illiger.

Beak cleft ; eye- The only Birds of A long stiff crista
brows projecting; orbit this Order with the from the occiput. The
of the eye naked of fea- tarsi exceedingly long ; two middle feathers of
thers. Fig. 37. plated. Fig. 38. Toes the tail considerably

short in proportion. surpass the others.

Eagles, which form the first tribe,, have a very strong beak,
straight at the base, and only curved towards the point. It is
amongst these that we find the largest species and the most power-
ful of all Birds of Prey, (i)

The Astur tribe, which forms the second division of Ignobiles,
have, like the two last divisions of Eagles, wings shorter than the
tail ; but their beak curves from its base, as in all those which
follow. (2)

Kites have the tarsi short, the toes and nails weak, which, added
to a beak equally disproportionate to their size, makes this tribe
the most cowardly of the whole Genus ; but they are distinguished
by their excessively long wings, and by their forked tail, which
gives them a most rapid and easy flight. Some have the tarsi
very short, reticulated, and half covered with feathers. (5)

(1) Head flattened on the top, covered with elongated feathers.
Beak very much crook’d, a long and very sharp point. Nostrils
lateral, transverse, sloped ; feet strong, armed with powerful nails,
very much crooked. Wings long, the first, second and third remiges
the shortest; the first very short, the fourth and fifth the longest.
They seize living prey with their talons, and take it to their young;
when pressed with hunger they fall upon carrion. — Tem.

(2) Beak strong, superior mandible bearing a strongly marked tooth.
Nostrils rather oval, wings two-thirds of the length of the tail; first
remex much shorter than the second, tlie third almost equal to the
fourth, which is the longest. Toes long, the middle much surpassing
the lateral, nails much curved, and very sharp. Their flight is rapid,
without shaking their wings much ; it is only in pairing time that they
describe circles in flying; they are cunning and malicious, and seize
their prey flying; they mostly inhabit large woods, particularly those
in the neighbourhood of rocks. — Tem.

(3) Beak curved at its base ; feathers of the head elongated and
terminated in a point ; mouth cleft as far as under the eyes; nostrils
oblique, their exterior edge marked with a fold; the first remex of the
wing shorter than the sixth, the second a little shorter than the fifth,
the third almost equal in length to the fourth, which is longer than
all. In a state of repose they have an awkward attitude, but their
flight is elegant ; they seem to swim in the air, describing circles ;
they do not seize their prey when flying, but they fall upon it from
above, when it is resting on the ground or on some elevation. Tem.

( 25 )

I

l

>

The Pernis tribe has, with the weak beak of the Kite, a very
peculiar character, which is, that the interval between the eye
and the beak, which in all the others of the Genus Falco is naked,
or only presenting a few hairs, is covered with very close feathers,
cut into scales. Their tarsi are half feathered in the upper part,
and reticulated ; they have an even tail, long wings, and the beak
curved from its base, like all those which follow. Falco Apivoras ,
(Honey Buzzard, Lath.) La Bondrce H up pee de J ava.

The Buteo tribe has the wings long, the tail equal, and the beak
curved from its base, the interval between which and the eye is
without leathers ; the feet strong. There are some with the tarsi
feathered even to the toes (F . Pennatus) ; but the greater number
have the tarsi naked and plated (F. Buteo. Bacha , Vail.). They
are distinguished from Eagles by their beak, curved from its base ;
from Autours, or Eagle Autours , by tarsi covered with strong
feathers, and by their long wings. (1)

The Circus tribe differs from the Buteo by more elevated tarsi,
and by a species of collar, formed on each side of the neck by
the ends of the feathers which cover the ears; fig. 54- (2) Falco
Pygargus , (Ring-tailed Hen-harrier, Lath.) Falco Rufus (Harpy
Falcon, Lath.) .

The Serpentarius , or Secretary , is an African Bird of Prey,
with the tarsi at least double the length of all the other Birds of
this Family, which has made naturalists class it with the Grallac ;
but its thighs, entirely covered with feathers, its beak crook’d and
cleft, its projecting eyebrows, and all the details of its anatomy,
place it in the present Order. Its tarsi are plated; its toes short
in proportion; the orbit of its eye naked of feathers; it has a
long stiff occipital crista, and the two middle pen leathers of its
tail greatly surpass the others. It inhabits the sterile and open
places in the neighbourhood of the Gape, where it pursues reptiles
on foot, and has nails worn by dint of walking; fig. 07, 5o. Its
principal strength is in its feet. (5)

(1) BeakAveak, with a rounded tooth (not very apparent) ; the head
large; the body massive and heavy. Feet with short tarsi; thighs
breeched. Wings of a moderate length, the four first remiges sloped,
the first very short, the second and third less long than the fourth,
which is the longest. They have a heavy flight, do not take their prey
flying, but generally lay vvait for it in ambush on a tree. Tem.

(2) Beak small, superior mandible curved from its base, bearing a
blunted tooth (not very apparent) at the root of the beak, and some
straight hairs which hide a part of the cera. Nostrils open. Feet with
very long and thin tarsi ; body slender ; tail long. Tem.

(3) This Bird was introduced into the French West India Islands,
to destroy the numerous serpents.

( 2 f ) Accipitrex. ( Uiumce ,)

TRIBE I. AQUILiE.

DIVISIONS.

1. Eagles proper, Cuv.

Tarsi covered with Wings as long as the
feathers to the bases of tail,
the toes, reticulated.

2. Hali^etus, Savigny.

Aigles Pec ueurs, Cuv.

Fishing Hawks, La-
tham.

Tarsi covered with Ditto,
feathers half way down,
the remaining half plat-
ed. p. 25.

3. Harpyia, Cuv. Short-
Winged Fishing Ea-
gles.

Tarsi very large and Wings shorter than Very strong beak
strong, half feathered, the tail. and nails,

reticulated.

4. Morphnus, or Aigle

Ac tour, Cuv.

Tarsi long and slim, " Ditto. Toes weak,

half feathered, p. 25.

3. Cymindis, Cuv.

Tarsi very short, re- Ditto. Nostrils almost clos-

ticulated, half covered ed, or like a fine slit,

with feathers in front.

Eagles Proper have their tarsi feathered to the root of the toes ;
they live in mountains, and pursue Birds and Quadrupeds ; their
wings are as long as their tails ; their flight is as high as rapid, and
their courage surpasses that of all other birds. Falco Fulvus,
(Black Eagle, Ring-tailed Eagle, Lath.) Falco C hrysaetos , (Gold
Eagle, Gold Adler, Lath.) etc.

The Harpies , or Fishing Eagles with short wings, are
American Eagles ; their tarsi are very large, very strong, reticu-
lated, and half feathered, like the Fishing Eagles properly so
called, from which they only differ by the shortness of their
wings ; their beak and nails are even stronger than in any other
tribe. Falco Harpyia (Oronooko Eagle, Lath,).

The Cayenne Falcon of Latham is a Cymindis.

( 25 )

DIVISION II. HALlvETUS.

SUB-DIVISIONS.

1. Hali^tus. Prop.

Nails grooved under-
[ neatli, as in all the oilier
Birds of Prey.

2. Pandion, Savigny.

BaL BUS ARDS, Cm' .

Nails round under-
t neatli.

; 3. Caracara.

* Part of llie side of the
„ head, and sometimes of
I the neck, naked of fea-
thers. Fig. 32.

]» The first Sub-division have the same wings as the Eagles
Proper , hut the tarsi are only covered with feathers on their upper
half and half-plated on the other. They frequent the borders
of rivers and the sea-shore, and live mostly on fish. Falco
Ossifragus , (Sea Eagle or Osprey, Lath .) Falco Leucocephalus
(White-headed Eagle, Bald Eagle, Lath.).'

The Pandions have the beaks and feet of the former, but their
i nails are round underneath, whilst in other Birds of Prey they are
! hollowed into a groove; their tarsi are reticulated, and the second
, feather of their wings is the longest. We know but one species,
i spread through almost the whole of the globe on the banks of
; fresh waters, with few variations in the plumage.

America produces Fishing Eagles with long wings, like the pre-
ceding, where a larger or smaller portion of the sides of the head,

; and sometimes of the throat, is naked of feathers. They give them
the common name of Caracara. Brazilian Kite, Latli. etc.

DIVISION IV. MORPHNUS.

SUB-DIVISIONS.

1-

Tarsi naked, and
e plated.

j 2.

Tarsi covered with
/( feathers all the way
« down.

I Frubitinga (Brazilian Eagle, Lath.). 2. Uruiaurana (Crowned
■Eagle, Lath).

( -6 )

Accipitres. ( Diurnce .)

TRIBE II. ASTUR,

DIVISIONS.

1. Astuk rr.orEP.

Tarsi plated, and ra-
ther short.

2.

Tarsi short, hut reti-
culated.

3. Nisus, Cuv.

Tarsi longer, but plat-
ed.

1. 1\ Palumbarius (Goshawk, Lath .). 2. F. Cachinnans (Laughing
Falcon, Lath.). 3. F. Mrnicus , the only known species of Birds of
Prey which sings agreeably. F. Nisus (Sparrow Hawk, Lath.).

i

TRIBE III. MILT US.

DIVISIONS.

1. Elanus, Savigivy.

Tarsi very short, re-
ticulated, covered with
feathers half way down.

”Fig. 40.

2. Melvus proper, Cuv.

Tarsi stronger, and
plated.

1. Le Blac. Le Faillant . F. Farcatus (Swallow-tailed Falcon,
Lath.). 2. F. Milvus (Kite).

( 27 )

FAMILY II. NOCTURNjE.

1. Strix, Lin.

Orifice of the ear
large.

2. Noctua, Savigny.

Orifice of tlie ear
oval, and not much
larger than in other
birds, p. 29.

GENUS I. STB IX.

SUB-GENERA.

* A large circle of fine
feathers round the
eyes. Small collar of
scaly feathers.

Circle of feathers
small and imperfect.

The Sub-genus Strix may be divided according to the egrels,
the size of the ears, the extent of the circle of feathers which sur-
rounds the eyes, and some other characters.

Those species which have a large complete disk of fine feathers,
encircled by a small collar of scaly feathers, and, between the two,
a large orifice of the ear, are more distant in form and manners
from the Diurncp, than those whose ears are small, oval, and
> covered by fine feathers which come from below the eye. We
observe traces of these differences even in the skeleton, (i)

The Sub-genus Noctua has not the wide and deep conch of
the ear, the orifice of which is oval scarcely bigger than that of
i other birds ; the disk of fine feathers is less large and less perfect.

(1) Beak compressed, base encircled by a cera, covered entirely,
or in part by rude hairs. Nostrils lateral, pierced on the anterior
>e edge of the cera, rounded, open, hid by hairs directed in front. Iris
brilliant ; wings a little pointed, the first remiges dentated on their
ll exterior edge *, the first the shortest, the second not reaching the ex-
tremity of the third, w hich is the longest ; their eyes are dazzled by
t the light of the sun, but they see very well during the day. The
bones, hairs, and feathers of their prey, after the llesh has been w ell
J1 digested, are rejected in little balls. — Tem.

c

( 28 )

Accip i ires. [Noe tar nee . )

SUB-GE1NUS I. STRIX.

1. Otus, Cup.

TRIBES.

Egrets raised at will. Conch of the ear Tarsi feathered to

>

extended in a semi- the nails,
circle from the beak
towards the top of the
head, and furnished
with a membranous ,
operculum.

2. Ulula.

No Egrets.

Ear and beak of Tarsi feathered to
Otus. the nails.

3. Strix, Savigny.
No Egrets.

Beak elongated, Tarsi feathered, but

curves only towards only hairs on the toes,
the end ; ear of Otus.

4. Syrnium, Savigny.
No ecrets.

o

Conch reduced to an Tarsi feathered to

oval cavity, not oc- the nails,
cupy in g half the height
of the skull.

Tail short.

5. Buro.
Egrets.

Conch of the Syr-
nium, but the circle of
feathers around the eye
less marked.

§ Egrets wider, further
hack and difficultly raised
from a horizontal line. (6)

1. Strix Ascalaphus. 2. S. Litturata. 3. S. Flammea. 4. S. Alueo,
5. S. Bubo. Fig. 43. (6) Chouelte a aigrettes, Vaill. Fig. 42.

( 29 )

SUB-GENUS II. NOCTEA.

TRIBES.

1. Subnia, Dumeril.

A long tail, gratia- Toes well feathered.

ated.

2. Nyctea.
Short tail.

o

o.

Short tail.
4. NumrES.

Fig. 44.

Toes feathered.

Toes naked.

Tarsi and toes na-
ked.

5. Scops, Savigny.

Ears even with the Toes naked,
head.

No egrets.

Egrets.

1. Siberian Owl. Choucou, Vaill. Fig. 40. 2. Harfang (S. Nyctea).
Fig. 46. 3. Cay ennensis, etc. 4. S. Nudipes, Daud. 5. S. Scops.

END OF TIIE FIRST ORDER.

( 33 )

ORDER II.

Passe res.

The character of this Order, the most numerous of the whole
Class, seems at first to he simply negative, since it embraces all
the Birds which are neither Palmipedes, Grallce , Scansores , Ac-
cipitres or Gallinacece ; comparison, however, presents a great re-
semblance in their structure, and such insensible passages from one
Genus to another, that it is very difficult to establish the sub-
divisions.

We find the Singing Birds and, consequently, the most com-
plicated inferior larynxes (p. 7, note 2.) amongst the Passeres.

DIVISIONS.

1. Exterior toe unit-
ed to the middle toe by
one or two joints only.

2. Exterior toe al-
most as long as the mid-
dle toe and united with
it as far asrtlie last joint
but one, p. 50.

DIVISION I.

FAMILIES.

1. Dentirostres.

Beak notched on each
side of the point. Fig.

47, p. 34.

2. Fissirostres.

Beak short , wide ,
flattened horizontally,
slightly crook’d, with-
out notch, deeply cleft.

Fig- 77 , (1) p. 41.

(1) Their mouth is consequently so very large that they easily swallow the insects
which they take in their flight : being entirely insectivorous, they quit us in w inter.
They approach the tribe fyluscicapa, and especially the Procnias, whose beak scarcely
differs but by the notch.

( 34 )

Passe res.

3. Con i ro stres.

Beak strong, more or
less conical, without
notch. Fig. 78, p. 42.

4. Tenuibostres.

Beak slim, elongated,
more or less arched,
without notch. Fig. 91,
p. 48.

FAMILY T. DENTIROSTRES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1 . Lanius, Lin.

Beaks conical or com-
pressed, more or less
crook’d at the end.

a. L. Proper. Shrikes.

Beak triangular at
base, compressed at the
sides.

ft Beak with the superior edge arched. (1)

ft .. .. .. straight, crook’d only at the end. Fig. 49.

y .. .. .. ,. lower mandible much swelled. Fig. 50.

<T (Vanga, Buff.) Beak large, much compressed, point much crook’d, and

that of the inferior mandible curved upwards.

Fig. 51.

(Plumat#.)

b. OCYPTERUS, CUV. LAN-
GRAYEN.

Beak conical, round-
ed, without edge, point
very fine, slightly notch-
ed on each side. Fig.
164, bis.

straight and slim, with crests of straight feathers.
Fig. 52.

Wings, as long and
longer than the tail, af-
fording the same flight as
the Swallows.

(1) Those in which the point is strong and much crook’d, possess a courage and
cruelty which has induced many Naturalists to associate them with the Accipitres
or Birds of Prey (See p. 14). The beaks of the Lanii of the other parts of the
world diminish in size and become gradually weaker in their points, according to
the species, so that it is impossible to establish a limit between this Sub-Genus and
that of T urdus : amongst those with the stronger beak is the Fiscal, Fig. 47 ;
amongst those approaching the Turdi, the Oliva. Fig. 48.

( 35 )

c. Barita, Cuv. Cassi-
CANS, Buff.

Beak large, conical,
straight, round at its
base, sloping out the fea-
thers of the forehead in
a circle, rounded on the
back, compressed at the
sides, the point crook’d
and notched laterally.

Fig. 55.

d. Psaris, Cuv. Becar-
DES, Buff.

Beak conical, very
large, round at the base,
not sloping out the fore-
head , point slightly com-
pressed and crook’d.

e. Graucalus , Cuv.

Choucaris, Buff.

Beak less compressed Feathers sometimes
than in the Lanii pro- covering the nostrils.
per, arched equally in
its whole length ; the
commissure (1) a little
arched. Fig. 156.

f. Bethylus, Cuv.

Beak large , short ,
swelled in every part,
slightly compressed to-
wards the end. Fig. 53.

2. Tanagra, Lin . Ta-
in agers.

Beak strong, conical,
triangular at the base,
slightly arched at the
upper edge.

Wings and flight
short.

a. T. Euphones. Bou-
vreuils.

Beak short and pre-
senting, when viewed
vertically, an enlarge-
ment on each side of
the base. Fig. 54.

Tail short in proper
tion.

(1) Commissura tnbiarum. Fig. 154, c.

( 36 )

Passe res.

b. T. Gross-beaks.

Beak large, swelled,
as broad as deep, and
the back of the upper
mandible rounded.

c. T. Proper.

Beak shorter than the
head, as broad as deep,
upper mandible arched.

Fig. 56.

d. T. Loriots.

Beak arched, sharp-
edged.

e. T. Cardinals.

Beak a little swelled,
a pro j ecting obtuse tooth
on the side. Fig. 57.

J. T. Rhamphoceles.

Inferior mandible en-
larged towards the base.

Fig. 59.

3. Muse icap a, Lin. Fly

Catchers.

•

Beak depressed hori-
zontally, w itli hairs at
the base, and the point
more or less crook’d
and notched.

a. Tyrannus, Cuv.

Beak straight, long, very The larger species ear-

strong , upper culnii- nivorous.

netting e dge (1) straight,
blunt, the point sud-
denly crook’d. Fig. 61.

b. Muscipeta , Cuv.

Gnat-snappers.

Beak long, much de-
pressed, twice as broad
as deep, culminating
edge very obtuse, point
feeble, long hairs at the
base. Fig. 62.

Several are ornament-
ed with crests and long
feathers in their tail.

(1) “ Arete superieure.” Fig. 157, «.

( 37 )

c. Muscicapa, Ci/e.

Mustachios shorter
and beak narrower than
in the Muscipeta , point
a little crook’d. Fig.
157, bis.

d. Gymnocephalus,

Geoff. Bald-heads.

Beak of Tyrannus ,
but the culminating
edge more arched and a
great part of the face na-
ked of feathers. Fig. 60.
Choucas chauve , Buff.

e. Cephalopterus, Geoff.

Base of the beak fur-
nished with a bunch of
raised feathers in the
form of a parasol. Fig.
101. C. Ornatus.

4. Ampelis, Lin. Co-
ting a.

The depressed beak
of the Muscicapa, but
shorter in proportion,
broad, and slightly
arched.

a. Piauhau.

Beak stronger and
more pointed. Fig. 61.

b. C. Proper.

Beak weaker.

c. Ceblepyris, Cuv. Ca-
terpillar-catchers.

d. Bombycivora ,
Chatterers.

Insectivorous. Ame-
rica.

Wings of males co-
loured witii brilliant
azure and purple in the
pairing season.

•

Tail a little forked in
the middle, graduated at
the sides. No brilliancy
of colour. Africa. India.

Stems of the leathers
of the rump elongated,
stiff and pointed.

Tern.

Ends of the stems of
the secondary feathers
of the wing enlarged into
a smooth, oval, ra^disk.

( 38 )

Pasaeres.

e. ProcniAS, Hofm.

Beak weaker, more
depressed, and cleft to
below the eye. Fig. 162.

f Gymnoderes , Geoff.
Naked-necks.

Beak stronger.

5. Edolius, Cuv. Dron-

GO.

Beak depressed and
sloped at the end, the
culminating edge sharp,
both mandibles slightly
arched in their whole
length . Fig. 65.

Neck partly naked and
the head covered with
velvet-like feathers.

Nostrils covered
with feathers and long
hairs like mustachios.

Generally tinted
with black, and with
forked tails.
Insectivorous.

Generally frugivo-
rous : habits solitary.

Colours uniform, dis-
tributed in large masses.

b. Thrushes.

Plumage speckled ,
marked with small black
or brown spots.

7. Pyrrho-Corax,6W.

Beak of Turdus , but
nostrils covered with
feathers. Fig. 102. Si-
crin .

8. Oriolus, Lin. (i)

Beak of Turdus , but Feet shorter in pro-
rather stronger. portion. Fig. 67.

(T) Linnaeus and his successors united them to the Cassicans, which they resemble
only in their colours.

6. Turdus, Lin.

Beak compressed and
arched, but without
crook, and the notches
less marked than in the
Lanius. F ig. 96.

a. Blackbirds.

( 39 )

9. Myothera , Illig-
Ant Thrushes.

Legs long. Fig. 107. bis.

\

10. Cinclus , Bechst .

Water Ouzels.

Beak compressed ,
straight, mandibles e-
qually deep, almost in a
line, sharpening to-
wards the points, and
the superior scarcely

arched.

i

i

11. PlIILEDON.

Beak compressed , Nostrils large, co-
slightly arched in its vered hy a cartdagi-
wliole length. nous scale j tongue ter-

minated hy a pencil of
hairs. Fig. 69 and 71,
(?■ carunculatcL ).

1 2 . Gracula, Cuv. Gra-

KLES.

Beak compressed, Feathers of the head

very slightly arched generally narrow and
and notched : the com- a naked space around
missure forming an an- the eye.
gle as in the Slum us.

Fig. 7 3. G. caruncu-
lata.

1 3 . JVLen ur a , Ska u> .

Lyre-tails.

Beak triangular atthe Nostrils large, mem-

base., elongated, a little branous, and partly
compressed. Fig. 109. covered with feathers.

Tail short.

Africa and the coun-
tries bordering on the
Bed Sea.

Ditto.

The males with
large tails of 16 fea-
thers, the 2 exterior
curved like a lyre, (l)

(1) They have been referred by some authors to the Gallinaccce, from their
size, but their feet are evidently those of Passcres.

( z>0 )

Panne res .

14. Pii’ra, Lin. Mana-

KINS.

Beak compressed , 2 exterior toes unit-

deeper than broad ; na- ed nearly half their
sal canals large. length.

a. Rupicola.

A double crest of fea- Large,
thers on the head, like
a fan. Fig. 111.

b. Pipra, Cuv.

Small. Fig. 68.

15. Motacilga, Lin.

Beak straight, slen-
der, like a bodkin.

a. Saxicola, Bechst.

Beak depressed, ra- Nest on or under the
ther large at the base, ground.

Fig. 74.

b. Sylvia, Wolf. Fice-
dula, Bechst.

Beak rather narrower Solitary : nest in holes,
at the base. Fig. 165.

c. Curruca, Bechst.

Beak straight, slim,
a little compressed in
front, the culminating
edge a little curved to-
wards the point. Fig.

158.

* (Nightingales.) Nest in trees.

/3 .. .. bushes.

d. Regulus, Cuv. Wrens.

Beak perfectly coni-
cal and very sharp ; its
sides, when viewed ver-
tically , appearing rather
concave. Fig. 75.

e. Troglodytes, Cuv.

Beak still slighter
than in the Regulus and
a little arched.

Tail and feet short.
America.

Remarkable for their
lively colours : live in
troops in damp forests.

Live on insects only.

Live on insects, worms,
and berries.

( 41 )

f. Motacilla , Bechst.
Wag-tails.

*. Lavandiehes.

/?. Budytks.

I

*

g. Anthus, Bechst.
Beak slim.

A long tail, which they
move up and down in-
cessantly.

IN ail oi‘ the great toe
curved as in all the other
Motacilloe. except the Bu-
(tytcs.

Nail of the great toe
elongated and a little
arched.

Legs long ; the scapu-
lary leathers sufficiently
long to cover the end of’
the wing when folded.

Live in pastures ; pur-
sue insects.

Nail ot the great toe Scapula ry feathers of
long. ordinary length.

FAMILY II. FISSIROSTRES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

§ Diurnce. Close , firm , plumage.
1. Hirundo, Lin.

a. Apus, Cuv. Cypselus,

Illig. Martins.

Feet very short; the Tail forked.
great toe directed for-
wards and the middle
and exterior toes with
only three joints like the
inner.

b. IIirundo, Cuv. Swal-
lows.

Toes and sternum as
in the generality of Pas-
seres.

Wings extremely
long, flight rapid.

Sternum without
notch (1). Nest in holes
of walls and rocks ;
climb along the smooth-
est surfaces.

1) Ordinarily there is one notch on each side of the lower edge.

P asseres.

« Tail forked. (1) {Toes Jf*|^red-
£ Tail almost square.

y Tail square with the pen feathers terminating in a point.

§§ Noc turner. Light , soft, plumage shaded with grey and brown.

2. Caprimulgus, Lin.
Goat-suckers.

Beaks more cleft; with
strong mustacliios ; nos-
trils, at the base, in the
form of small tubes *, eyes
large. Fig. 77.

The exterior toes Feet short, tarsi fea-
w'lth only 4 joints , and thered. The air in-
all the toes united by a gulphed in their large
short membrane. beak when flying pro-

duces a peculiar buz.

a. Nail of the middle Tail square.
toe dentated on its in-
ner edge.

b. Nail not dentated. Tail forked.

3. Podarges.

Beak stronger. Fig. No membrane be-
163. tween the toes.

FAMILY III. CONIROSTRES.

f

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. A lauda, Lin. La r ks .

Nail of the great toe Granivorous ; fre-
straight, strong, and quent the ground,
much longer than the
others.

a. Beak straight, mode-
rate, pointed.

b. Beak so large as to
approach that of the
Fringilla. Fig. 78.

c. Beak elongated, a lit-
tle compressed and
arched, approximating
them to the Upupce and
Promerops.

(1) The Salangane ( H . esculenta, Lin.), a small species of the Indian Archi-
pelago, is celebrated for its nest of a whitish gelatinous substance, made, as it is
believed, from the spawn of fish or some scum from the surface of the sea : the
restorative virtues attributed to these nests have made them an important article
of commerce in China ; they are dressed like mushrooms.

( 43 )

2. Parus, Lin, Titmice.

Beak slender, short, Small hairs at the
conical, straight. Fig. base of the beak, and
70. the nostrils hidden by

feathers.

a. PARES PROPER.

b. Moustaches.

The end of the supe-
rior mandible curving
on the other.

c. Remiz.

Beak more slim and Display great art in

3. Emberiza, Lin, Bun-
tings.

Beak conical, short, A projecting, hard,
straight, superior man- tubercle in the palate,
dible narrower, enter-

Fig. 72.

4. Fringilla, Lin.

Beak conical, more or
less large at the base,
hut the commissure not
angular.

a. Ploceus, Cuv. Tisse-
rins. Weavers.

Beak as large as in The greater part of

the Cassicans , but the those of the Old Conti-

commissure straight and nent make their nests

pointed.

forming their nests, in
the shape of purses or
bottles.

ing within the inferior.

the superior mandible
slightly swelled. Fig. 79.

with much art, inter-
lacing sprigs of herbs (1 ) .

b. Pyrcita, Cuv.

Beak shorter, and a
little swelled towards
the point only. Fig.

159.

( 44 )

Pas seres.

c. Fringilla, Cuv. Chaf-

finches.

Beak less arched than
in the Pyrgita, and a
little stronger and long-
er than in the Linaria.

Fig. 103. 104.

d. Carduelis, Cuv.

Beak conical and en-
tirely free from swell.

Fig. 80.

«. Chardonnerets.

Goldfinches.

Beak longer and sharp.

(£. Linaria, Bechstein.

Linnets.

Beak shorter and ob-
tuse.

e. Vidua, Cuv. Widow
Birds.

Beak of Linaria, some- Tectnces superior esoi

times a little swelled at the tail excessively elon-
the base. Fig. 95. gated 111 the males.

f. Cocothraustes. Gross-

beaks.

Beak conical and large.

g. Pitylus, Cuv.

Beak very large, a
little compressed, arch-
ed above, and some-
times with a projecting
angle in the middle of
the edge of the upper
jaw.

h. Pyrrhula. Bull-
finches.

Beak rounded and
swelled in every part.

Fig. 81.

5. Loxi a, Briss. Cross-
bills.

Beak compressed ; the
mandibles so much cur-
ved that the points cross
each other. Fig. 82.

( )

6. Corytiius, GW.
Hard- beaks.

Beak swelled in ever y
part ; the point of the
upper curved over the
lower mandible. Fig. 85.

7 . Colius, Gm. Colies.

Beak short, thick, co-
nical, a little compres-
sed; the two mandibles
arched without cros-
sing.

8. Glaucopis, Forster.
Call.eas, Bechst.

Wa TTLE— BIRDS.

Upper mandible swel-
led.

9. Buphaga, B?isS'

Beef-eaters.

Beak cylindrical at
the base, swelling to-
wards the middle; the
point blunt. Fig. 84.

1 0. Cassicus, Cup. Cas-

SICANS.

Beak large, conical,
enlarged at the base,
sharpened into a point ;
the comm issure in a bro-
ken line or forming an
angle as in the Sturni.

a. Cassicus proper.

Base of the beak rises
on the forehead and
slopes out the feathers
in a semi-circle. Fig. 100.

b. Icterus.

Slope of the fore-
head angular and the
beak arched.

The great toe has
the power of direct-
ing itself forwards.

A fleshy caruncula
under the base of the
beak. Fig. 83.

Small round nostrils,
pierced at the sides.

Pen-feathers of the
tail graduated , and ve-
ry long.

( 46 )

Pas seres.

c. Xanthornus.

Slope angular, but
beak straight.

d. Dacnis, Cuv. Pit-Pits.

' \

Beak conical and
sharp.

They form a passage
to the Sub -Genus 7?e-
gulus.

11. Sturnus, L. Stares,

Starlings.

Beak of Xanthornus ,
but depressed towards
the point. Fsg. 94.

Relieve the cattle
from insects, which
they feed on ; quit us
in winter.

12. Sitta, Lin. Nut-
hatches.

Beak straight, prism- Hindtoeverystrong. Tail affords no sup-
atic, pointed for cutting port in climbing,

the bark to get at the
worms. Fig. 98.

13. Corvus, Lin.

Beak strong, more or Nostrils covered by
less flattened at the sides, stiff hairs, directed for-
wards.

a. (1) Corvus proper.

Beak stronger in pro- Tail round or square.
portion and the culmi-
nating edge more arch-
ed than in the others.

Fig. 86. C. Corax.

b. Pica, Cuv. Magpies.

(1) The Corbeau (C. corax , Lin.) in Cuvier, is our Haven; the Corneille
(C. corone. Lin.), the Carrion Crow; the Freux ( C . frugilegus, Lin.), the Rook :
the Corneille Mantelee ( C . cornix , Lin.), the Hooded Crow ; the Choucas (C . tno~
nedula , Lin.', the Jackdaw. — Regne Animal, t. i. p. 397.

Ditto. Fig. 63.

Tail long and gradu-
ated.

c. Garrulus, Cuv. Jays.

Mandibles rather
short and terminating
in a sudden curve. Fig.

87.

d. Caryocatactes, Cup.

Nut-crackers.

Mandibles equally
pointed, straight, with-
out curve. Fig. 58.

e. Temia.

Beak round, the base
furnished with velvet-
like feathers. Fig. 108.

14. Coracias, Lin. Rol-
lers.

Beak strong, compres-
sed towards the end, the
point a little crook’d.

i

a. CoRACIAS PROPER.

Beak straight, and
deeper than broad.

1 Fig. 88.

b. Colaris, Cup.

Beak shorter, more
arched, and enlarged at
its base, so as to be
broader than deep.
Fig. 89.

c. Eulabes, Cup.

Beak of Coracias.

15. Paradis,ea, Lin.
Birds of Paradise.

Beak of Corpus. Fig.

110.

( 47 )

Nostrils oblong, not
covered by the fea-
thers.

Head partially naked
of feathers, with fleshy
prominences in steacl.
Fig. 116.

Feathers covering
the nostrils, velvet-like,
and often of a metallic
lustre; those of diffe-
rent parts of the body
singularly developed.

Feet short and strong.
Two notches on each
side of the lower edge
of the sternum.

Velvet- like feathers,
advancing to the edge of
the nostrils as in the
Paradiscea.

D

( z'8 )

FAMILY IV. TENU I ROSTRES.

Pass eves.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Upupa, Lin. Hoopoes.

a. Fregilus, Cuv .

Beak longer than the
head. Fig. 1 55.

b. Upupa proper.

«

c. Promerops, Briss.

Tongue extensible
and forked. Fig. 115.

d. Epimachus, Cuv.

2. Certhia, Lin. Creep
ers.

a. Certiiia proper.

b. Dendrocolaptes. Her.

PlCUCULES.

Beak stronger, and
broader transversally.

c. Tichodp.oma, Illig.

Beak triangular, de-
pressed at the base, very
long and slim. Fig. 1 1 / .

d. Nectarinia, Illig. Su-
gar-rirds.

Beak moderately long,
arched, pointed and
compressed as in the
Certhin. Fig. 114.

iNostrils covered with
feathers directed for-
wards.

A double row of fea-
thers on the head, erected
at will. Fig. 118.

No crest.

Scaly or velvet- like
feathers covering a part
of the nostrils. Fig. 161 .

Climb trees like the
Pici, using their tail as a
support, the pen-feathers
of which are worn and
terminate in stiff points.
Fig. 90, bis.

Ditto.

Tail not worn.

Ditto.

Tail very long ; live on
the juices of flowers.

Use their long nails,
onlw, in climbing. Fig.

117.

( 49 )

e. Dictum, Ciw.

Beak sharp, arched,
not longer than the
head, depressed and en-
larged at the base. Fig.
113.

Tail not worn.

f Hoerotaria, Vaill.

Beak extremely elon-
gated, curved almost in
a semi-circle. Fig. 93.

g. Cinnyris, Cwc. Sugar-
eaters.

Beak long and slim,
the edges ol' both man-
dibles finely dentated ;
tongue terminated in a
fork and elongating. Fig.
93 . ^

Ditto.

Ditto.

Live on flowers only.

3.1 iiochilus, Lin. Hum-
ming-birds.

Beak long and slim; Plumage of a metal- Live on flowers and
tongue elongating and lie lustre. insects. No notches in

bifid. the sternum.

a. Colibris.

Beak arched. Fig. 99.
T. cinereus.

b. Orthorhynciius, La-
cep. Fly-birds.

Beak straight. Fig. 97.
T. minimus .

( 50 )

Pause res.

DIVISION II. SYNDACTYLvE.

GENERA.

1. Merops. Lin. Wasp-
eaters. Bee-eaters.

Beak triangular at Feet short. Fig. 119. Two notches on each

Fig. 119.

2. Prionites, Illig.

Beak stronger, edges
indented, tongue bark-
ed. Fig. 92.

3. Alcedo, Lin. King-
fishers.

Beak longer than Me- teet shorter than Tail very short. Ster-

rops, straight, angular, Merops. Fig. 120. num as Merops.
pointed j tongue very
short. Fig. 120.

4. Ceyx, Lacep.

Beak as Alcedo. Inner toe not appa-

5. Tonus, Lin. Todies.

Beak flattened hori-
zontally, obtuse at its
extremity. Fig. 106.

6'. Buceros, Lin . Horn-
bills.

Beak enormous, notch-
ed, surmounted by pro-
minences sometimes e-
qualling it in size. Fig.
105. C. unicornis.

its base, elongated and
slightly arched, termi-
nating in a sharp point.

side of the lower edge
of the sternum.

rent.

( 51 )

ORDER III.*

Scan sores . Climbers .

These are Birds whose exterior toe directs itself backwards like
the great toe, affording a very solid support, by which some of
them profit for clinging to and climbing the trunks of trees. They
have consequently received the name of Climbers, although it is
not strictly applicable to all; whilst several Birds which climb do
not belong to this Order by the disposition of their toes.

The Scansores generally rest in the holes of old trees : their
flight is moderate ; their food, like that of the Passeres , generally
consists of insects or fruits, according to the strength of their
beak ; some, as the Pici , have peculiar means for obtaining it.

The sternum of most of the Genera has two notches behind
(Fig. 121), but in the Parrots there is only a hole (Fig. 122), not
unfrequently filled up.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Jacamar. Galbula.

JBriss .

Beak elongated, point- Feet short, exterior Plumage of a metal-
ed, upper culminating toes united in a great lie lustre. Live isolated
edge sharp. part of their length. in damp woods. In-

sectivorous.

a. Beak longer and per- America,

i'ectly straight. Fig. 123.

G. ruficauda.

b. Beak shorter, larger, Anterior toes more se- Indian Archipelago,
and a little arched. Fig. parated.

124. Jacamerops or G
grandij.

c. No upper culminating
edge to the beak. Fig.

1 26. Great Jacamar.

Vaill.

( 52 )

Scansorea.

2, Picus, Lin. Wood-
peckers.

Beak long, straight,
angular, compressed in
a wedge at the extre-
mity, for clearing the
barks of trees.

a. P. Proper.

Fig. 125.

b. Picoides, Lacep. Tri-
DACTYLjE.

c.

Beak slightly arched,
approaching that of the
Cuckows. Fig. 129.

3. Yunx, Lin. Torcols.
Wry -NECKS.

Beak straight, point-
ed, almost round and
withoutangles. Fig. 166.

4. Cucul us , Lin.
Cuckows.

Beak moderate, some-
what cleft, compressed,
slightly arched.

a. C. Proper.

Beak ot moderate
length. Fig. 130. (2)

b. Couas, Vciili.

Tongue protractile,
slim, armed with spines
towards tbe end, which
curve backwards. (1)

Onlv 2 toes before and
1 behind. Fig. 127.

Tongue protractile,
but without spines.

Tail rather long.

Tarsi short. Fig. 132.

Tail with 10 pen-
feathers, the stems stiff’
and elastic, supporting
them as a buttress in
climbing. Fig. 125.

Tail with pen-fea-
thers of the ordinary
form.

Birds of passage. In-
sectivorous.

Tail with 10 pen-fea-
thers.

Tarsi long. Fig. 134.

(4) The. tongue, pushed out by the elastic cartilaginous prolongations of the os
hyoid is 'Fig. 128, c.), elongates considerably beyond the beak (Fig. 125) and is
imbued with a viscous juice, furnished by large salivary glands : it is drawn in by
tw o muscles, rolled like ribbands around the trachea, the cornea of the os hyoidis
reascending under the skin and upon the head as far as 'the superior base of the
beak (Fig. 128.), and the sheath of the tongue folding on itself at the bottom of
the gullet.

(2) There are African species with the beak more depressed (Fig. 131. C. au-
ratus) and others with the beak deeper vertically. (Fig. 132. C. Tachirou .)

( 53 )

c. Coucals, Vaill. Cen-

TROPUS, lllig.

Nail of the great toe
long, straight, pointed.

Fig. 135.

d. COUKOLS. V OUROUDltl-
ous, Vaill.

Beak large, pointed, Nostrils pierced ob-
scarcely arched. Fig. liquely in the middle.
137.

e. Indicators, Vaill. Ho-

ney Cuckows.

Beak short, deep, al-
most conical. Fig. 136.

O

f. Barbacous, Vaill.

Beak conical, elon- Fine leathers or stiff
gated, slightly arched at hairs at the base of the
the end. Fig. 138. beak.

5. Majlcoiias, Vaill.

Beak very large, round
at the base; a naked
space around the eye.

a.

b.

6. ScYTHROPS,Lat/l.P$lT-
taceous Horn- bills.

Beak larger and long-
er than the Malcohasy
with two shallow longi-
tudinal furrows on each
side. Fig. 1 11.

7. Bircco, Lin. Bar bets.

Beak large, conical,
swelled at the sides of
the base.

Nostrils round, and
towards the base of the
beak. Fig. 139.

Nostrils narrow, and
near the edge. Fig. 140.

Nostrils round; cir-
cle around the eye
naked.

5 bundles of stiff
hairs, directed for-
wards; 1 behind each
nostril, 1 on each side
of the base of the lower
jaw, and the 5th undei
! he symphysis.

Tail with 12 pen-fea-
thers.

Ditto.

Tail a little graduated
and forked.

Cey Ion.
Frugivorous.

New-Holland.

Wings short.

a. Pogonias, Illig. Bar-
bicans.

Two deep notches on
each side of the upper
mandible, and its culmi-
nating edge blunt and
arched ; the lower man-
dible furrowed trans ver-
sally underneath. Fin.
442.

Hairs very strong.

b. BUCCO PROPER.

Beak simply conical,
slightly compressed ;
culminating edge blunt,
and a little raised in the
middle. Fig. 143.

c. Tamatias.

Beak more elongated Tail short,
and compressed, with
the extremity of the up-
per mandible curved
downwards. Fig. 144.

8. Trogon, Lin. Curu-

cuis.

Beak short, broader Tail short,
than deep, curved from
the base; upper culmi-
nating edge arched,
blunt, and the lateral
edges notched. Fig. 145.

<)• Crotophaga, Lin.

Anis.

Beak large, compres-
sed, arched, without
notches, having a verti-
cal sharp crest. Fig. 146*.

10. Ramphastos, Lin.

Toucans.

Beak enormous, al— i ongue long, nar—
most as thick arid as long row, and furnished
as their body, slight with barbs on each
and cel lulo us interiorly, side, like a feather,
arched towards the end,
irregularly notched at
the lateral edges.

Sea nso res.

Africa. India.

Both continents.

A inerica.

Small feet, with fea-
thers almost to the toes.
In both continents.

1 n the warm and tin- -*
mid parts of America.
Several pairs lay in a
common nest.

W arm parts of Ame-
rica.

a. R. Proper.

Beak larger than the
head. Fig. 147.

b. Pteroglossus, Illig.

Aracari.

Beak less than the
head, covered with a
less solid horn. Fig. 148.

1 1 . Psittacus, Lin. Par-
rots.

Beak large, hard, so- Tongue thick, fleshy, The torrid zone of
lid, rounded entirely, and rounded. hotli continents, hut

encircled at its base by even every large island

a membrane wherein
» the nostrils are pierced.

has its peculiar species,
their wings not ena-
bling them to cross any
extent of sea.

Cheeks naked of fea-
thers.

America.

( b. Parrakeets.

*. Parrakeet Aras.
Vail l .

Circle around the eve
naked.

f- . Arrow-tailed Par-

rakeets.

The two middle pen-
leathers much longer
than the others.

Tail almost equally
graduated.

S. Parrakeets fro-

Tail enlarged to-
wards the end. (2)

per, Vaill.

Tail short and square.

( 56 )

Scansores.

ic. Cockatoos.

/?.

y-

<r.

A crest of long narrow
feathers, ranged in 2 lines
and raised or lowered at

will. Fig. 149.

Crest more simple, less
moveable, and composed
of large feathers of mode-
rate length.

Pendent feathers, with
fine barbs towards the
end, instead of a crest.

No crest.

d. Parrakeets with
trunks, Vaill.

Cheeks naked ; the Crest of long and nar-
upper mandible enor- row feathers. Tarsi short
|mous, the lower very and flat, rested on when
[short and unable to walking. Fig. 150.

[close entirely . Tongue
[cylindrical, terminat-
ed by a small horny
gland, cleft at the end
and elongating consi-
derably. Fig. 150.

e. Pezoporus , Illig.
P. Ingambes, Vaill.

Beak weaker.

V

Tarsi more elevated
and nails straighter than
in the other Parrakeets.
Fig. 151 .

The more remote parts
of India.

New-Holland : live on
roots.

East-indies.

Walk on the ground.
Insectivorous. New-Hol-
land.

( 57 )

1 2. Toubacos. Co-

RYTHAIX, lllig.

Beak not ascend-
ing on the forehead.

I Fig. 153. P. Af ri-
le anus, Lath.

]. Musophaga ,
Isert. Banana-
eaters.

Beak forming

a

disk which covers
part of the fore-
head. Fig. 152. M.

violacea., Lath.

A crest, which they
have the power of
elevating

Africa.

Ditto.

(1) They have the wings and tails of the lloccos ; their beak is short, the upper
mandible swelled, and there is a short membrane between the front toes, hut the
exterior toe is often directed backwards ; their nostrils are simply pierced in the horn of
their beak, the edges of the mandible are dentated, and the sternum, at least that
of the Touraco, has not the great notches ordinarily found in the Gallinaccce.

/

( 58 )

ORDER IV.

Grcillinacece ,

So named from their affinity to the domestic Cock, like which
they have,, generally, the anterior toes united at their base by a
short membrane, and notched along their edges ; the upper mandible
vaulted ; the nostrils, pierced in the large membranous space at
the base of the beak, covered by a cartilaginous scale; the gait
heavy; the sternum diminished by two notches, so broad and deep
that they occupy almost the whole of its sides, its crest terminating
obliquely in front, so that the sharp point of the furcula is only
joined to it by a ligament (Fig. 167.) ; all which circumstances,
by weakening their pectoral muscles considerably, render their
flight difficult. Their tail has mostly i4 and sometimes even 18
pen-feathers, with the exception of the Aicctors. Their inferior
larynx is very simple, consequently none of them sing agreeably ;
they have a very wide crop and a very powerful gizzard. Excepting
the A lectors, they lay and hatch their eggs on the ground, on
heaps of straw or grass rudely scattered. Each male has generally
several females, and does not interfere either with the nest or the
care of the young, which are generally numerous, and, most
frequently, able to run on coming out of the shell.

This very natural family, remarkable for having given us the
greater part of our farm-yard fowls and much excellent game, can
only be divided into geneva by some unimportant characters taken
from the appendages of the head.

GALLINACEtE.

GENERA AND SUB -GENERA.

1. Pavo, Lin. Peacocks.

The tectrices of the Brought from the
tail, in the male, long- north of India by Alex-
er than the pen-fea- ander.
thers, rise and spread.

a. P. Proper.

Egrets. Spots like eyes in the

extremities of the fea-
thers.

( 59 )

b. Polyplectrum, Tern.
Crests.

2. Me leagris, Lin. Tur-

KIES.

The head and upper
part of the neck covered
with a nippled skin, hare
of feathers j an appen-
dage under the throat,
and another on the fore-
head ; a pencil of hairs
hanging from the hot-
tom of the neck of the
adult male.

3. Alectors, Merrem .

Curassows.

a. Crax, Lin. Iioccos.

Mitoux.

Beak strong, the base
covered with a skin,
sometimes of a lively co-
lour, in which the nos-
trils are pierced. Fig.
168. C. globicera.

b. Pauxi. Ourax, Cuv.

Beak shorter and
stronger. Fig. 169.

c. Penelope, Merrem.
Guans or Quans. Ja-
coos.

Beak thinner than
Crax. Fig. 171. P. cres-
tata.

Spots of the tec trices
of tlie tail (less elongated)
double, and, like those
of \hescapularies, in the
form of mirrors.

The tectrices of the
tail shorter and stiller,
but rise and spread like
those of the Peacock.

Tail with 12 pen-
feathers, stiff, broad,
and rounded.

A crest of round, long,
narrow feathers, curling
from the base.

Base of the beak, and
the greater part of the
head, covered with short
velvet-like feathers.

Circle around the eye
naked, as well as the low-
er part of the throat .

Tarsi of the males with
two spurs.

From America.

No spurs.

America.

T racheal artery de-
scends, under the skin,
behind theposterior edge
of the sternum.

f

I

d. Ortalida, Merrem.
Parrakas.

e. Sasa. Hoazin, Buff.
Opisthocomus, HoJ-
man. Crested Phea-
sants.

Beak of the Pa axis.

4. Satyrus. Napauls.

Males with a horn be-
hind each eye. Fig. 173.

5. Phasianus. Phea-
sants.

a. Gailus. Cocks. (1 )

b. Phasianus proper. (2)

c. Crested Pheasants.

Egrets. Fig. 172. P.
iguitus.

( 60 )

Scarcely any of the
circle around the eye, or
of the throat, naked.

Crest of long, narrow,
fine feathers.

A large, loose, nak-
ed, extensible bag, un-
der the throat.

Cheeks partly bare
(or the circle around
the eye) and with a red
skin.

A fleshy and vertical
crest ; lower mandible
with fleshy gills on each
side.

The lower edge of the
naked skin of the cheeks
projecting like gills.

Gallinacecc.

Tracheal artery de-
scends towards the ab-
domen.

No membrane between
the base of the toes.

Tarsi with spurs, in
both sexes.

14 pen-feathers to the
tail, rising in 2 vertical
planes.

Tail long, graduated :
the pen-feathers forming
2 culminating planes.

Tail of Gailus ; strong
spurs.

(1) Amongst the wild species are, the G. Sonneratii , in which the feathers of
the neck of the male expand towards the base in three successive disks of a horny
matter (Fig. 170] ; the G. Bankiva, Tern., which has the crest dentated like the
preceding, with long pendent feathers of a golden red on the neck ; the Phas. va-
rius with an entire crest and a small dew-lap, without lateral gills, under the
throat.

(2) The P. p ictus and P. Nycthemcrus are from China ; the P. Argus from the
south of Asia.

( «l )

d. Lophophores, Tern.

Beak long, strong,
curved, broad at the
base ; the superior con-
siderably exceeding
the inferior mandible,
which is bidden. Fig.
174, bis. L.Cuvieri , T.

e. Cryptonyx, 7'em.

6. Numida, Lin. Pin-
tado.

7. Tetrao, Lin. Grous.

a. Tetrao, Lath.

Toes naked. Fig. 178.
T. Urogallus.

b. Lagopus, Briss.

Toes covered.

c. Pterocles, Tem. G a\-

ca. Attagen.

Toes naked.

\

d. Perdix, Briss. Par-
tridges.

Poes naked.

u. Francolines.

Beak longer and
stronger. Fig. 181.

(■ . Perdix proper.

Beak weaker. Fig.
182.

Egrets.

Only the circle around
the eye naked. Fig. 175.
Great toe without a nail.
Fig. 175.

Head naked, gene-
rally surmounted with
a callous crest. Fig.
176. 1ST. meleagris.

A naked band (gene-
rally red) in the place
of the eye -brow.

Tarsi covered with fea-
thers,and without spurs.

Generally become
white in winter.

Circle of the eye na-
ked, but not red. Great
toe very small. Fig. 177.

Tarsi naked.
Spurs stronger.

Spurs short or simple
tubercles in the male*,
wanting in the females.

Tail ordinary; strono
spurs.

Tail ordinary; no spurs.

No spurs. Tail short,
pendent.

From Africa.

Tail round or forked.

Fail round or square.

Tail pointed.

Tail more developed.

( 02 )

(xctllinacece.

e. Coturn ix . Quails.

Less than the P. Pro-
per. Beak more slender.
Fig. 184.

/.’ Colins. American
Quails.

Beak larger, shorter,
more swelled. Fig. 183.

8. Tridactyees, Lacep.
Hemipodius, Tem.

Beak compressed ,
swells a little under the
lower mandible.

a. Turnix, Bonnat. Or-
tygis, //%.

No spurs ; band above
the eye whitish.

No great toe.

Toes separated to the
base, and without the
small membranes. Fig.
185.

Tail shorter.
Emigrate across the
Mediterranean.

Tail more expanded.

Polygamous.

In sandy countries.
Anatomy7 not suffici-
ently known to class
them with certainty.

Gait of quails.

b. Syrrhaptes, lllig.

Wings extremely long Tarsi and toes feather- Differ considerably

and pointed. Fig. 186. ed, the former short, the from the type of the Gal-
T . parodoxus. latter very short and Unacece.

united in a part of their
length.

9. Tinamus, Lath. Cryp-
turtjs, Illig. Ynam-
bus, Azz.

Beak long, slim , blunt Neck slender, elon-

at the end, with a small gated, covered with fea*
furrow on each side-, thers with fine barbs
the nostrils pierced in and frizzed at the ends,
the middle, and pene-
trating obliquely back-
wards. Fig. 187.

v any tail ;
Drt; the great
cecl to a small
not touch the

10. Columba, Linnaeus.

. Pigeons.

Beak of Gallinacece. No distinct mem- Tail with 12 pen-

branes between the feathers,
bases of the toes.

( 65 )

if. COLUMBI - GaLLINES ,

Vaill.

Beak slim, flexible. Tarsi more elevated. Seek their food on the
Fig. 179. C. caruncu- Fig. 179. ground. Live in troops.

lata.

b. Doves.

Ditto. Tarsi shorter.

c. Colombars, Vaill. Vi-

NAGO, Cuv.

Beak larger, solid,
compressed at the sides.
Fig. 180. C. Abyssinica.

Tarsi short ; feet wide
and well edged. Fig. 180.

Frugivorous.

The great woods of
the torrid zone of the
Old World.

( 64 )

ORDER V.

Q ratios.

The Gratia? , Shore-Birds or Waders , take their name from
their habits and the formation which gives rise to them. We
recognise them by the nudity of the lower part of their thighs,
and very frequently by the length of their tarsi, which circum-
stances enable them to enter the water to some depth without
wetting their plumage, and to wade and fish in it by means of their
neck and beak* both of which are of a length proportionate to their
legs. Those with strong beaks live on fish or reptiles; those whose
beaks are weaker, on worms and insects. A few partly content
themselves with grains and herbage, and these only live far from
the water. The exterior is most frequently united at its base to
the middle toe, by means of a short membrane ; sometimes there
are two similar membranes, at others they are entirely wanting
and the toes are separate ; rarely, they are bordered all along
or palmated to the end ; lastly, the great toe is wanting in several
Genera : all which circumstances render their mode of life more
or less aquatic. Almost all these Birds, if we except the Ostriches ,
have long wings and fly well. They extend their legs behind when
they fly, contrary to other Birds, who fold them under the belly.

1. Brevipennes.

Wings too short for
flight.

2. PrESSIROSTRES.

Beak moderate. Fig.
189.

3. Cult i rostres.

Beak large, long,
strong, generally with
sharp edges, and point-
ed. Fig. 199.

FAMILIES.

Pectoral muscles ve-
ry slight, but those of
the legs and thighs
enormous.

Legs elevated ; great
toes too short to reach
the ground, or none.

No carina to the
sternum.

( 65 )

4. Longirostres.

Beak slim, long, anti
weak. Fig. 208.

5. Macrodactyl. a.

Beak more or less Toes very long, but no Body flattened from

compressed, never so membranes between the narrowness of the
slim or weak as in the the bases. Fig. 222. sternum. Wings mo-
Longirostres. Fig. 222. derate or short ; flight

feeble.

6. Glareola, Gm. PRxi-
tincoles. Sea Par-
tridges.

Beak short, conical, Tarsi plated, exte-
entirely arched, some- rior toes a little pal-
what cleft. Fig. 224. mated, great toe touch-

ing the ground.

The description of the Family is that of the only Genus.

7. Pikenicopterus, Lin.

Flamingos.

Wings exceedingly
long and pointed.

Neck as slim and as Legs excessively long,
long as their legs ; head 3 front toes palmated
small; the inferior man- to the end, the great
dible oval, bent longi- toe extremely short,
tudinally in a demi-cy-
lindrical canal; the su-
perior mandible oblong
and flat, bent trans-
versely in the middle to
join the other exactly.

Fig. 220.

The five transversal
plates w hich edge their
mandibles , and the
fleshy thickness of their
tongue, approximate
them to the Anas.

In all parts of the
world, from lat. 40° to
45°.

The description of the Family is that of the only Gen us.

FAMILY I. BREVIPENNES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Strutiiio, I An. Os-
triches.

Beak depressed hori- Wings covered with An enormous crop,

zontally, of moderate loose flexdde feathers, and a considerable ven-
length, blunt at the and long enough to ac- tricle between the crop
end; tongue short, and cel erate their course. and the gizzard. Coe-
rounded like a crescent; cum long, and a vast

eyelids with hairs. cloaca wherein the

urin£ accumulates.

( )

a .

From 6 to 8 feet high.

b. Rhea, Lath .

From 3 to 4 feet high.

2. Casuarius, Briss. Ca-
soars. Cassowaries.

2 toes; and the exte-
rior , one half shorterlhan
the other, without a nail .

3 toes, all with nails.

Wings shorter, and
useless in their course.

Grallce.

Eggs nearly 31hs.
weight.

Africa.

America.

3 toes, all with nails \
the barbs of their fea-
thers resembling horse-
hair.

tt.

Beak compressed la
terally.

Head surmounted with
a bony prominence co-
vered with a horny sub-
stance.

Nail of the inner toe
much the largest.

Indian Archipelago.

b.

Beak depressed. No casque. (1)

t

Nails equal.

FAMILY II. PRESSIROSTRES.

GENERA AND SUR-GENERA.

1 . Otis, Lin. Bustards.

Beak moderate, the su-
perior mandible slightly
arched and vaulted. Fig.
193. Otis tarda.

2. Ciiaradrius, Linn.
Plovers.

Beak moderate, com-
pressed, enlarged at the
end. Fig. 223.

Very small webs be-
tween the bases of the
toes.

No great toe.

Tarsi reticulated,
wings short, feet and
neck long; lly but lit-
tle.

(1) The Genus Didus (Dodo) of Latham, comprehends the D . Ineptus, a species
which has disappeared, but a head of which, much injured during a lapse of 150
years, is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford (Fig. 188), and a foot in
the British Museum (Fig. 188) ; the D. Solitarius, which rests on the single tes-
timony of Leguat, who has disfigured even the Lamantin, Hippopotamus and other
well-known animals ; the D. N azarenus , seen by Cauche only, who, stating that it
i las 3 toes, considers it to be the same as the D. Ineptus, which has 4.

( 67 )

a. OEdicnemus, Cuv.

End of the beak en-
larged above and below.

Fig. 190.

Nasal canal extending
only one half the length
of the beak.

b. Ciiaradrius proper.

End of the beak en- Nasal canal extending
larged above only. Fig. two-thirds the length ojf

481

the beak.

3. Tringa, Lin «

Beak of the Plovers.

a. Squatarola, Cuv.
Sandpipers.

Beak enlarged under-
neath.

Great toe so small
as not to touch the
ground.

Great toe scarcely
perceptible; nasal canal
short.

Tringa proper. Lap-
wings.

Great toe more evi-
dent ; nasal canal two-
thirds the length of the
beak.

4. Has m atop us}Lin. Sea-
ties, Oyster-catchers.

Beak rather longer,
straight, pointed, com-
pressed in a wedge,
strong enough to open
bivalve shells. Fig. 194.
Hcematopus ostrolegtis.

5. Cursorius, Lac.
Taciiydromus, I llig.

Beak more slim, e-
qually conical, arched,
without furrow, and
moderately cleft. Fig.
191.

Nasal canal deep, half
the length of the beak,
with the nostrils pierc-
ed in the middle like a
small crack.

No great toe.

Feel reticulated.
Dry, stony soils.

Feet reticulated .

Tarsi partly plated.

Tarsi reticulated ;
only 3 toes.

J

1 jegs elevated ; 8 toes .

( cs )

Oral Ice.

6. Cariama, Briss. Mi-
CRODACTYLl’S, Geoff'.

Dicholophus, l llig.

Beak large, more Great toe not reach- Legs plated , very
crook’d, cleft to below ing the ground. long; toes extremely

the eye. Fig. 196. C. de short, a little palmated

Margrave. at the base.

FAMILY III. CULTIROSTRES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Grus, Cuv. Cranes.

Beak straight, but lit- Legs plated; the great
tie cleft ; the membra- toe scarcely reaching
nous nasal canal, broad the ground,
and concave, occupies
half the length.

ts

a . Psophia, Lin. Agamis.

Trumpeters.

Beak short. Head and neck cover- Granivorous and fru

ed with down only, circle givorous.
around the eye naked. From America.

b. Numidicjs. Numidian
Cranes.

Beak shorter. Fig. Africa.

1 99. Ardea Pavonia , L .

c. Grus proper.

Beak as long and long-
er than the head.

$ More carnivorous ; beak stronger ; toes larger.

2. Cancroma, Lin. Boat-
bills. Savacous.

Beak resembling Nostrils pierced to- 4 toes, long, and al-
spoons joined by tlieir wards the base of the most without mem-
concave sides; tlie'su- beak, and prolonged in branes. Piscivorous,
perior mandible with a two parallel furrow s
sharp tooth on each side towards the point,
of the point. Fig. 192.

C. Cochlea ria.

( 69 )

3. Ardea, Cuv. Herons.

Beak cleft to below
the eyes, which are in
a naked skin extending
to the beak.

Nasal canal prolong- Legs plated; toes

ed in a furrow very rather long, exterior
nearly to the point of webs evident. Their
the beak. dung burns the tree*.

a. Ardea proper.

Neck very slim, with
tong pendant feathers at
the base. Fig. 195.

b. Egrets.

The feathers of the
lower part of the back
singularly long and fine.

c. Butor. Bittfios.

The feathers of the
neck loose and far apart.

cl. Bit ho r e a u . Nig h t-

HERONS.

Stilt slender leathers
in the occiput of the
adult male.

$$ Beak longer j smoother; webs j almost equal and rather thick be-
tween the bases of the toes.

4. Ciconia, Cuv. Storks.

Beak large, mode- No nasal canal or fur- Legs reticulated. —

lately cleft ; tongue ex- row; nostrils pierced Make a clapping noise
tremely short. Fig. 202. towards the base of the with their mandibles.

beak.

5. Mycteria, Lin. Ja-

CIRU.

Beak slightly curved Ditto. Legs reticulated .

in the upper part. Fig.

203.

0. Scopes, B riss. Ombres.

Beak compressed, the Nostrils prolonged
culminating edge sharp in parallel furrows to
and enlarged towards the end of the beak,
the base ; the end a little
crook’d. Fig. 204.

( 70 )

Grallctr.

7. Hians, La cep. Anas-
tomus, Illig. Open-
beaks.

Mandibles join only
at their base and points,
having a void interval
in the middle of their
edges, appearing to be
partly the effect of de-
trition. Fig. 205.

8. Tantalus, Lin.

Beak as Ciconia , but
the back rounded, the
point curved, and slight-
ly notched on each side.
Fig. 206.

9. Platalea , Lin.

Spoon-bills.

Beak long, flat, broad, Nostrils oval, and
like a spatula; tongue pierced near the origin

of slight furrows pro-

Easl-Indies.

Nostrils as Ciconia. Part of their head

bare.

Legs reticulated.

small. Fig. 214.

ceeding from the base
to tbe end of the beak.

FAMILY IY. LONGIROSTRES.

GENEVA AND SUB-GENERA.

1, ScOLOPAX.
a. Ibis, Cue. (1)

Beak arched, weaker Nostrils pierced to- Part ol the head or
than that of the Tanta- wards the back of the neck bare ; exterior toes
lus, without notch at the base, and prolonged in a well palmated at the
point, almost square at furrow to the end. base ; great toe long e-

the base. Fig. 208. S. nough to rest on the

Rubra. ground.

b. Numenius, Cue. Cres-
cent-beaks. Curlews.

Beak arched, round Furrow of the nostrils
in the whole length , very short,
weaker, the upper end
passing the lower. Fig.

213.

(1) M. Cuvier ( Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles , t. 1, p.) shews the Ibis sacer
of the Egyptians to be the Numenius Ibis or Tantalus OEtliiopicus of Latham, Fig.
209 ; Fig. 210 was drawn from the head of a mummy found at Thebes, and now
in the Gallery of the Museum at Paris ; Fig. 207 is from one of the temples in
Upper Egypt.

( 71 )

c. Pileopus, Cuv. VVhim-

BRELS.

Beak depressed to- Furrow of the nostrils
wards the end. Fig. 216. almost the whole length

of the beak.

d. Falcinellus, Cuv. Pyg-

my-curlews.

Ditto. Ditto.

e. SCOLOPAX PROPER.

Woodcocks. Snipes.

Beak straight, the end Ditto, with a simple

of the upper mandible furrow on the lower
(enlarging to surpass the mandible,
lower) soft, very sensi-
ble, and drying into a
point after death. Fig.

201.

f Rynchoea, Cuo.

Mandibles nearly e- Ditto, but no furrow
qual, arched slightly at on the lower mandible,
the ends. Fig. 197.

g. Limosa, Bechsl. God-
wits.

Beak straight, or slight- Ditto.

Iv arched towards the
upper part; the end de-
pressed and blunt. Fie.

200.

h. Calidris, Cuv. Sand-
pipers. Knots.

Beak depressed at the Ditto,
end, not longer than the
head.

i. pELIDNA, Cuo PuRRES.

Stints. Sea-larks.

Beak of Calidris, but Ditto,
a little longer than the
bead.

No great toe.

Head compressed ; eyes
large and very far back.

Spots, like eyes, on the
pen-feathers of the wings
and tail.

Africa. India.

Form more slender and
legs longer than in the
Scolopax.

Toes slightly border-
ed, without webs at their
base ; great toe scarcely
long enough to reach the
ground (Fig. 221), gait
and form heavy.

Toes without borders
or webs.

( r rail or „

k. Machetes, Cuv. Ruffs
and Reeves. Com-

BAT4NTS.

Beak and gait of Ca-
li dr is.

I • Arenaria, Bcchst. Ca-
lidris, Illig. Cur-

WILLETS.

Ditto.

m. Phalaropus, Briss.

Beak flatter than in
the Calidris , the fur-
rows the same. Fig. 1 98.

( 73 )

Web between their ex-
terior toes as large as in
the Limosa.

No great toe.

Toes edged with very
J'ge membranes, like
e Fulicce.

n. Strepsilas, III. Turn-
stones. Sea-dottrels.

Beak conical, pointe
not depressed ; nasal
nal half the length. F

n i n o

217

Great toe scarcely
touches the ground.

feet yellowish.

°‘ Tot an us, Cuv. Snipes.
Sand-pipers. Horse-
men.

Beak slim, round,
pointed, furrow of the
nostrils half the length :
the upper mandible a
little arched towards the
end.Fig.21 9. S. glottis.

p. Loeipes, Cuv.

Ditto.

q. Himantopus, Briss.
Macrotarsus, Lac.
Long - legged Plo-
vers.

Beak of Totanus , but
more pointed.

2. Recurvirostra, Lin.
Avosets.

Beak long, slim, point-
ed, smooth, elastic, with
a strong curve upwards.
Fig. 215.

Ditto.

1 oes ol Phalaropus.

No great toe.

Great toe much too

Exterior web very evi-
dent.

Legs excessively slina
and long, reticulated,
and the bones so weak
as to render their walk
painful. Fig. 212.

v . . . . Fegs reticulated,

short to reach the tarsi elevated,
ground.

( 73 )

FAMILY V. MACRODACTYLA.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

§ JPings armed with spurs.

1. Jacana, Briss. Par-
ra, Lin.

Beak moderately long, One spur to each Marshes of w arm
slightly enlarged at the wing. Four toes, very climates,
end. Fig. 222. long, separated to the

roots ; the nails, espe-
cially that of the great
toe, very long and
pointed. Fig. 222.

2. Palamedea, Lin. Ka-
michi. Screamers.

Beak little cleft and
compressed, not enlarg-
ed, and the superior
mandible slightly arch-
ed. Fig. 218. P. cor-
nuta.

Two strong spurs to
each wing. Toes with-
out wehs, nails strong,
that of the great toe
straight. Fig. 218.

Legs reticulated.

§§ /'Pings unarmed.

3. Raelus, Lin. Rails.

Beak without frontal
plate.

a. Raljajs, Bechst.

Beak longer. Fig. 225.

b. Crex, Bechst.

Beak shorter. Fig. 226.

4. Fulica, Lin.

Beak with a frontal
plate covering the fore-
head.

( 74 )

Grallac,

a. Gallinula, Briss and
Lath. Water-fowls.
Fig. 211.

b. Porphyrio, Briss. Sul-

tans.

Beak deeper in pro-
portion to its length ;
frontal plate consider-
able.

c. Fulica proper, Briss.
Coots.

Beak short.

Border of the toes nar-
row.

Border of the toes
scarcely evident.

Border of the toes wide
and festooned.

( 75 )

ORDER VI.

Palmipedes ,

Are strongly characterised by their feel formed for swimming,
that is, set in the hinder part of their body (Fig. i), with very
short and compressed tarsi, and palmated between the toes.

Their close, glossy plumage, imbued with an oily juice and
furnished with a thick down next the skin, protects them from the
water on which they live. They are the only Birds in which the
length of the neck exceeds (sometimes considerably) that of the
feet (Fig. 1), having frequently to Fish in the depth whilst they
swim on the surface of the water. Their sternum is very long,
protects the greatest part of their viscera, and has but one notch
on each side, or an oval hole furnished with membranes. Their
gizzard is generally muscular, their coecums long, and the inferior
larynx simple, with the exception of one Family, in which it is
swelled into cartilaginous capsules.

X. Bracfiypteres.

Legs further back
than any of the follow-
ing, making their walk
very painful, and oblig-
ing them to preserve a
vertical position. Fig.
229.

2. Longipjemnes.

Beak, without notch-
es, crook’d at the end,
or simply pointed.

3. Totipalmes.

FAMILIES.

W ings exceedingly
short; fly very ill, or
not at all.

Wings very long ;
Bight extensive. Great
toe pee or none.

Great toe united with
the others in a single
membrane.

Plumage very close,
and offering a smooth
and shining surface ;
swim under water, us-
ing their wings as tins :
a peculiar muscle on
each side of the lower
larynx: ccecum mode-
rate.

Only one muscle on
each side of the infe-
rior larynx : coecums
short.

Feet short ; perch
on trees.

( 76 )

Palmipedes.

4. Lamellirostres.

Beak thick, covered Wings moderate.
with, a soft skin rather
than a true horn; the
edges with plates or
small teeth. Fig. 251.

Tracheal artery of
the male generally ex-
panded near the bifur-
cation into capsules of
different forms : cce-
cum long.

FAMILY I. BRACHYPTERES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Colymbus, Lin.

Beak smooth, straight,
compressed, pointed ;
nostrils linear.

a. Podiceps, Lath. Co-
lymbus, Briss. and .77-
liger.

Toes enlarged (like
those of the Fulicce ) in-
stead of true webs, those
in front united, at the
base only, by mem-
branes. Fig. 227, bis.

b. Colym. proper, Lath.
Meiigus, Briss. Eudy-
tes, Illig. Divers.

Feet of Palmipedes
in general, that is, the
front toes united (to the
ends) by membranes,
and terminated by poin-
ted nails.

Plumage, of a metallic
lustre, frequently used as
fur.

Northern Birds, visit-
ing our latitudes only in
winter.

Middle nail flattened;
tarsi compressed.

c. Uria, Briss. and Illig.

Guillemots.

Beak with feathers to No great toe.
the nostrils, andnotched
at the point, which is a
little arched. Fig. 230.

Wingsstillshorter than
in the Colymbus .

In steep rocks.

d. Cephus. Greenland-
pigeons.

Beak shorter, with its Membranes of the toes
back more arched, with- rather deeply notched,
out notch ; symphysis of
the lower mandible ex-
tremely short. Fig. 228.

Wings stronger.

( 77 )

2. Alca, Lin.

Beak much compres-
sed, elevated vertically,
the back sharp, gene-
rally furrowed trans-
versely.

a. FrAtercula, Briss.

Mormon. Illig. Auks.

Beak, shorter than the
head, as deep and deeper
at the base than long.
Fig. 231 .

b. Alca, Cuv. Penguins.

Beak more elongated ,
like the blade of a knife.

Fig. 233.

3. Aptenodytes, Forst.

Feet, more backward
than in any other Birds,
only afford support by
resting on the tarsus,
which is enlarged like
the sole of the foot of a
quadruped; its interior
presenting three bones,
soldered together at the
extremities. Fig. 229.

Feet entirely pal-
mated ; no great toe.

Nostrils (narrow clefts)
near the edge.

Feathers as far as the
nostrils.

Great toe small, di-
rected inwards ; the
three anterior toes
united by an entire
membrane.

a . A ptenodytes, Cuv. Pa-

tagonian PlNGUINS.

Beak slim, long, poin- Feathers covering one
ted; the superior man- third the length of the
dible a little arched to- beak or to the nostrils,
wards the end. Fig. 236.

b. Catarrhactes, Briss.

Beak strong, little com-
pressed, pointed, the
back rounded, the point
a little arched. Fig. 232.

Northern seas.

Small wings, support-
ing them for a moment.

Live on thesea, nest in
rocks.

Wings too small to
sustain them, therefore
do not fly at all.

Wings with only
vestiges of feathers ,
like scales.

Furrow from the nos-
trils to the end of the
beak.

Furrow from the nos-
trils terminating oblique-
l\ at the edgeofthebeak.

( 78 )

Palmipede s.

c. Spheniscus, Briss.

Beak compressed , Nostrils in the middle,
straight, irregularly fur- not covered,
rowed at the base, the
end of the upper man-
dible crook’d, that ofthe
inferior truncated. Fie-.

234.

FAMILY II. LONG f PENN ES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

j. Procellaria, Lin.

Beak crook’d at the
end, the extremity hav-
ing the appearance of a
piece articulated to the
rest.

a. P. Proper. Petrels.

Inferior mandible
truncated. Fig. 240.

b. Puffinus, Briss. Puf-
fins.

End of the inferior
mandible curves down-
wards with that of the
upper ; beak more elon-
gated. Fig. 235.

c. Pelecanoides, La cep.

FIalodroma, Illig.

Ditto.

d. Prions, La cep. Pacha p-

TILA, Illig.

Beak enlarged at the
base, the edges furnish-
ed with plates like the
Anas. Fig. 259, bis.

Nostrils united in a
tube on the hack of the
superior mandible.

Nostrils not opening
by a common orifice, hut
by two distinct holes.

Ditto.

A nail on the heel,
instead of a great
toe. (1)

Throat dilatable; no
great toe.

(1) They remain a longer time at sea than any of the other Palmipedes, and are
often obliged, when a storm approaches, to fly to vessels for refuge : they make,
their nests in the holes of rocks and shoot an oily juice, of which their stomach
appears to be always full, at those who attack them.

( 79 )

2. Diomedea, Lin. Al-
batrosses.

Beak large, strong, Nostrils, like rolls, No great toe or nail
sharp, with distinct su- short, on the sides of in place of it. The most
tures, and terminated the beak. massive of all the Pal-

by a crook seemingly mipecLes.

articulated. Fig. 257. Austral seas.

3. Larus, Lin.

Beak compressed, e- Nostrils, towards the Great toe short. (1)
longated, pointed; the middle, long, narrow,
superior mandible arch- open,
ed towards the end ; the
inferior forming a pro-
jecting angle under-
neath.

a . Goelands. Gulls.

Larger than Ducks.
Fig. 237.

b. Mauves. Sea-mews.
Less than Ducks.

c. Stercoraires, Briss.

Labbes, Buff. Les-

TRIS, Illig.

Nostrils membranous, Tail pointed. (2)
and the orifices nearer
the point and edge of the
beak. Fig. 242.

4. Sterna, Lin . Sea-

swallows.

Beak pointed, com- Pipings extremely Membranes, uniting
pressed, sti aigbt, with- long cincf pointed. the toes, much notch-
out curve or projection ; e(] . feet smaip

nostrils towards the
base, oblong and pierc-
ed interruptedly. Fig.

238.

(1) They feed on all kinds of fish, the flesh of dead bodies, etc. : when the\
fly inland it is a sign of bad weather.

(2) They pursue the small Sea Mews with inveteracy, to deprive them of their
food, and, as some say, to devour their dung.

F

( 80 )

Palmipedes.

a. Noddies.

A slight projection
under the beak .

b. Terns.

6. Riiynciiops, .Z/m. Cut-
waters. Skimmers.

The inferior mandible
of tlie beak much long-
er than the other, and
both flattened in simple
plates. Fig. 243. R. JVi-

gra.

’ fail, not forked, almost
as long as the wings.

Tail forked.

Wings long ; tail
forked.

Feet small. Subsist
on what they snatch
from the surface of the
water with their lower
mandible during their
flight.

FAMILY 111. TOT I PALMES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Pelecanus, Lin.

Skin of the throat
more or less dilatalde-
Tongue very small.

a. Onocrotalus, Briss.
Pelecanus, Ulig. Pe-
licans.

Beak extremely long,
straight, broad , and flat-
tened horizontally, ter-
minated by a crook. Fig.
246.

b. PHALACROCORAX,5mA.

Caiibo, Meyer . Ha-
LIEUS, Illig. CoRVO-
RANTS.

Beak elongated, corn-
pressed, the end of the
upper mandible crook’d ,
that of the lower trun-
cated. Fig. 245.

A space, at the base
of the beak, bare of
feathers; nostrils like
cracks, with the open-
ings scarcely evident.

The inferior mandible
sustaining a naked mem-
brane, dilatable into a
large bag; 2 furrows, the
length of the beak, hid-
ing the nostrils.

Tongue very small,
skin of the throat less di-
latable, the nostrils like
a fine line imperceptibly
pierced.

Circle of the eyes mar-
ked like the throat; tail
round.

Corvorants. Nailofthe
second toe notched like
a saw.

( 81 )

<*. Frigate- birds. Men
of War Birds.

Both mandibles cur-
ved at the end. Fig. 244 .

d. Sui.a, Briss. Dysporus,
Illig. Boobies. Solan d
Geese.

Beak straight, slight-
ly compressed, pointed,
the point a little arched
(fig. 1), the edges den-
tated within like a saw.

2. Plot its, Lin. Dart-
ers. Anhi.no a.

Beak straight, slim,
pointed, the edges den-
tated; head small. Fig.
249.

3. Ph.eton, jLm.TROPic-
eirds. Straw-tails.

Beak straight, point-
ed, dentated, moderate-
ly strong. Fig. 241.

Tail forked, the feet
short, membranes deeply
notched. (1 )

Nostrils prolonged in a
line nearly to the point ;
the throat and the circles
of the eyes naked, the
former little dilatable.

N eck long.

Two narrow and
very long feathers, like
straws, in the tail.

Envergure excessive.

Nail of the middle toe
notched like a saw ; wings
less than in the Frigate
Birds. Tail somewhat
wedge-shaped.

Feet like the Car-
ve ra Jits.

Feet short, wings
long. Rarely quit the
Torrid Zone.

F AM 1 LY 1 V . LAMELL1 R ( )STR ES.

GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

1. Anas, Lin.

a. Gygnus Meyer.

Beak as broad before Nostrils nearly in the
as behind, deeper than middle of the length of
broad at its base; neck the beak,
very long. Fig. 251.

b. Anser, Briss. Geese.

Beak moderate or
short, narrower before
than behind , deeper
than broad at its base.

(1) Their powerful wings enable them to fly immense distances from land,
principally between the tropics : they dart on the Flying-Fish and strike the
Boobies to make them disgorge their prey.

( 82 )

Palmipedes.

«. Anskr proper.

Beak as long as the
head ; the ends of the
plates at the edgesha-
ving the appearance of
pointed teeth.

/£. Barnacles. Claris.

Brand-geese.

Beak shorter, slight-
er ; the ends of the
plates not visible at
the edges. (1)

c. Anas proper. Ducks.

Beak not so deep as Nostrils nearer the back Legs shorter, place

broad at its base, and as and base of the beak. more backwards,
broad (or broader) at
the extremity as towards
the head.

$ Great toe bordered by a membrane .

a. Macreuses. Scoters.

Beak broad and
swelled. Fig. 248.

/?. Garrots.

Beak shorter and
narrower before. Fig.

250.

y. Eiders.

Beak narrower be-
fore, but longer than -
in the Garrots and as-
cending higher on the
forehead, forming an
angle with the fea-
thers. Fig. 256.

S. Millouins.

Beak broad and flat. Tracheae terminate in

§§ Great toe not bordered '.

t. Shovelbrs.

Upper mandible
bent into a demi-cy-
linder, enlarged at the
end ; the plates so long
and thin as to resem-
ble hairs. Fig. 254.

(1) The A. Erythropus , Gm., celebrated by the fable of its growing on the tree>
like a fruit (See Grey’s notes on H udibras), visits us in winter.

Fig. 239.

enlargements, forming a
capsule, partly membra-
nous, to the left, supported
by bony ramifications.

( 83 )

S’. Tadobinbs.

Beak much flatten-
eel towards the end,
raised in a projecting
swell at the base.

d. jMercus, Lin. Mer-
gansers. Harles.

Beak more slim, more The end of the upper The enlargement of

directed backwards. Fig.
258. M. serrator.

The 4 additional species of Accipitres , figured to fill up the last plate, are,
Cathartes vulturinus , Tem., from New California, Fig. 260 ; V ultur monaclius,
Lath., or Chincou, from India, Fig. 261; Strix leucotis , Tem., from Senegal,
Fig. 262 ; S. ascalaplius , Savig., from Egypt, Fig. 263.

Those who possess the * Analysis of the Natural Classifications of Mammalia ,*
will insert the following new Sub-Genus of Bats, immediately after that of
Phyllostoma, p. 29.

6. Glossophaga, Geoff.

Fig. 255.

cylindrical, each man- mandible crook’d.

dible armed along its
edges with little pointed
teeth (like those of a saw)

the inferior larynx enor-
mous and partly mem-
branous, in the males.
Live on ponds and lakes.

The nasal crest (a single Tongue channelled and
vertical leaf) at the end extensible,
of the muzzle.

Grinders

6.

Sp. Vesp. soricinus , Pall. G. amplcxicanda. G. caudifer (figured in the Table
to face p. 12). G. ecaudata. The three latter were found in the neighbourhood of

Rio Janeiro, by M. de Lalande The skull, brought by the same traveller,

is that of “ a Makoca, a people beyond the Caff res : ” in order to preserve the facial
angle precisely, it was drawn by the Camera lucida.

FIJN1 S.

. •

*

f

-

• .

AUTHORS CITED.

Azz . ..... Azzara Voyages dans I’Amerique Meridionale de 1781 jusqa’en 1801 .

Paris 1809, t. 3. 4.

Bechst.. . .Bechstein. . .Histoire Nat. usuelle dc I’Allemagne (en Allcmand). Leipz.

1801-9. 4 vol. 8°.

Bond Bonelli Catalogue dcs Oiseaux du Piemont, 4°. 1811.

Bonnat. . . Bonnaterre . .Encyclopedic Meihodique.

Briss Brisson Ornithologies 6 vol. in-4°. Paris , 1770.

Buff. Buffon Histoire naturclle, generate ct particulierc. Paris 1749-89,

36 in-4°.

9 D’ oiseaux.

Les planches enluminees des oiseaux, 1008, sans ordre.

l)aud Daudin Traitc elementaire ct complet d’ Omit ho logic. 2 vol. 4°.

Paris, 1800.

Dam Dumeril . . . .Traitc element, d’llist. Nat. Paris, 2 vol. 8°. 1807.

Edw Edwards.. .Natural History of Rare Birds. 4 vol. 4°.

Forst Forster Zoologite indicoe rarioris spicilegium. in-4°. Londoni, 1790.

. . . . — Enchiridion Historian naturali insertions, in-8°. Halle, 1788.

Fr Frisch. .... .Representation de quelques oiseaux d’Allemagne et de quelqucs

etrangers (cn A llemand'). 2 vol. fol. Bcrl. 1739-63.

Geoff. .... Geollroy St. -Hilaire. Mem. dans le Mazas. Encyc. Ann. du Mus. — Ouvr.

sur l’ Egypt e.

Gmd Gmelin 13th Ed. Sy sterna Naturce. Lcipsig. 1788. 7 vol.

Hofm Ho fm a n s e c k . 4/ cm o ires sur des animaux du Bresil et du Portugal.

H umb Humboldt. . Observations de Zoologie et d’ Anatomic comparec. Paris.

4°. 1811.

Illig Illigcr Prodromus systematis Mammalium et Avium. 8°. Berlin, 1811.

Jacq Jacquin . . . . Des materiaux pour l’ Histoire des Oiseaux (cn Allcmand).

1 vol. in-4°. Vienne, 1784.

Kle Klein Ilistorioe avium prodromus. Danizich, 1750.

Stemmata avium. Dantzick, 1759.

Lacep Lacepede.

Lath Latham General Synopsis of Birds. 3 vol. in-4°. and 2 suppl. Lon-

don, 1782.

. . . . . . .Index Ornithologicus. 2 vol. 4°. London, 1790.

Linn Linnaeus Systema Naturae, 1757-1766.

Margr. ... George Margrav de Leibstad. Historicc rerum natularium Brasilia', libri

8. in-fol. Leyde et Amsierd. 1648.

Mer Merrem Avium rariorum et minus cognitarum icones et descr. 4°.

Leipz. 1786.

86 AUTHORS CITED.*

Meyer et Wolf Taschenbuch, etc. ( Almanack ties Oiseaux d’Alletnagne ).

2 vol. in-8°. Franc f, 1810.

Moehr. . . . Moehring. . .Avium Genera. 8°. Aurich, 1752.

Mull Muller Zoologica Danica, fol. Copenli. 1788-9.

Zoologioe Danicce Proclromus. 8°. Ilarnice , 1770.

Pal Pallas ...... .Spicilegia Zoologica. Berl. 1767-80.

V oyage dans plusieurs provinces de 1’ Empire de Russie. 8 vol‘
in -8°. etun atlas. Paris.

Pen. . .

. . .Pennant . . . .British Zoology,

in-fol. 1 vol.

. . .

do.

8°. 4 vol.

. . .

. . . . . . .Arctic

do.

4°. 2 vol.

—

do.

4°. 1 vol.

Rai Rai . Synopsis inethodica avium ct piscium. in-8°. London , 1713,

Sav Savigny Memoircs sur les oiseaux de I’Egypte.

Sh Shaw Naturalist’s Miscellany. London , 1789.

— General Zoology. do. 1800.

— Zoology of New-IIolland. do. 1794.

Soji Sonnerat .... Voyage d la Nouvellc Guinee. 1 vol. 4°. Paris, 1776.

.... Voyage aux hides Orientates ct d la Chine. 2 vol. 4°. Paris,

1782.

Temm. . . .Temmink . . .Ilistoire naturclle generate des Pigeons et des Galtinaces.

Amsicr. et Paris, 1803-15.

— . . . . . . .Manuel d’Ornitlwlogie, ou Tableau systematique des Oiseaux

qui se trouvent en Europe. 8°. Amster. ct Paris , 1815.

Vaill Le Vaillant ..Hist. nai. des Oiseaux d’ A frique. 5 vol. in-4°. Paris, 1799.

.... .. Do. des Pcrroquets. 2 vol. in-4°. Paris, 1801.

.... .. Do. des Oiseaux de Paradis, Rolliers, Toucans et Bar-

bus. 2 vol. in-fol. Paris, 1806.

— — .... . . Do. des Promcrops ct des Guepiers. Paris, 1807.

Vieill Vieillol llist. nat. des plus beaux Oiseaux clianteurs de la zone torride.

in-fol. Paris, 1805.

.... ....Hist. nat. des Oiseaux de I’Amerique septentrionale. 2vol.

in-fol. Paris, 1807.

.... . . . .Analyse d’ une nouvellc Ornithologie elementaire. in-8°. Paris ,

' 1816.

White Voyage to New South Wales. 1 vol. in 4°. London, 1790.

/

INDEX TO THE ORNITHOLOGY

Accipitres

Page.
... 12
.. 14
15

Bethylus

Bithoreau

Bitterns

Page.
. . 35
.. 69
.. 69

Cephalopterus ....

Certhia

Proper

Page.
. .. 37

48

Agamis

.. 68

Blackbirds

.. 38

Ceyx ‘

...50

Aigle Autour

. . 24

Boat-bills

.. 68

Chaffinches

...44

Pecheur . . . .

... 24

Bombycivora

.. 37

Charadrius

Alauda

.. 42

Boobies

.. 81

Proper.

...67

Albatross

.... 79

Bouvreuils

.. 35

Chardonnerets. . . .

Alca

...77

Brachypteres

.. 75

Chatterers

Alcedo

... 50

.. 76

Choucaris

Alectors. . . .

59

Bi’evipennes

.. ol

Ciconia

Ampelis ....

37

.. 65

Cinclus

39

Anas

...81

Bubo

.. 28

Cinnyris

...49

Proper

. ... 82

Bucco

.. 53

Circus

Anastomus

. .. 70

Proper

.. 54

Clakis

Anhinga

... 81

Buceros

.. 50

Climbers

... 5i

Anis

. ... 54

Budytes

.. 41

Cockatoos

...56

Anser

. ... 81

Bullfinches

.. 44

Cocks

Proper . . . . ,

.... 82

Buntings

.. 43

Cocothraustes . . . .

...44

An thus

. ... 41

Buphaga

.. 45

Colaris

Aptenodytes ....

.... 77

Bustards

.. 66

Colibris

Apus

. ... 41

Buteo

.. 21

Colies

...45

Aquila.

. ... 21

Butor

.. 69

Colins

.... 24

Buzzards

,.. 21

Colius

Ara

. ... 55

Columba

...62

Aracari

. ... 55

Calidris

. . 71

Columbars

Ardea

.... 69

...72

Coluinbi Callines.

...63

Proper ....

. ... 69

Callaeas

... 45

Colymbus

...76

Arenaria

. ... 72

Canchroma

. .. 68

Proper .

...76

Astur .

. ... 21

Caprimulgus

...42

Combatants ....

...72

. ... 26

Caracara

. .. 25

Conirostres

Proper. . . .

26

Carbo

. . . 80

49

Attagen

61

Carduelis

. . . 44

Coots

74

Auks

. ... 77

Cariama . .

...68

Coracias. . .

47

A ill mirs

21

Caryocataetes ....

. . . 47

— * Prnnrr

...47

Avosets

. ... 72

Casoars.

. .. 66

Corvorants

Casowaries

. .. 66

Corvus

Balbusards

.... 25

Cassicans

Proper . . . .

...46

Bnld-hends. . . .

37

. . . 45

Corvthniv

Banana-eaters. . .

. ... 57

Cassicus

. .. 45

w

Corythus . .

44

Barbacous

. ... 53

— Proper . . .

. .. 45

Cotinga,

Barbets

.... 53

Casuarius

...66

Proper . . .

, ... 37

Barbicans

.... 54

Catarrhactes

...47

Coturnix

Barita

.... 35

Caterpillar-catcher

s. . 37

Couas

59

Barnacles

.... 82

Cathartes

... 18

Coucals

Becardes

.... 35

Ceblepyrus

...37

Courols

Bee-eaters

.... 50

Centropus

. . . 53

Cranes ....

GO

Beef-eaters ......

.... 45

Cephas

...71

— Numidian

. ... 68

INDEX TO THE ORNITHOLOGY

Crax

Creepers. .
Crescent-bi

Crex

Cross-bills

Proper

Honey

Pygmy

Cut-waters.

Darters .

Drongo.

Proper.

— Short -

fishing. .
Echassiers . . .

Edolius

Egrets

Eudyt

es

Page.

Page.

Page.

...59

Falcon

. .. 16

Ilarpyia

...48

Ficedula

...40

Hawks (fishing). . .

...71

Fissirostres

...33

Hemipodius

...73

... 41

Herons

... 69

...44

Flamingos

. . . 65

YipLt

69

... 54

Fly-birds

.. . 49

Ilians

70

... 61

Catchers . . . .

...36

Hiero-falco

...62

Francolincs

... 61

Himantopus

. .. 52

Fratercula

...77

Ilirundo

. ... 41

...52

Fregilus

...48

Hoazin

.... 60

...53

Frigate-bird

... 81

IIoccos

.... 59

...52

Fringilla

...43

Hoerotaria

.... 49

...64

...44

Hoopoes

. ... 48

...59

Fulica

... 73

Hornbills

. ... 50

71

. . . Prrmpr.

74

^

... 71

Horsemen

-j wo • • */

...40

Galbula

...51

Humming-birds .

.... 49

...67

Gallinaceae

... 13

...54

...58

Ibis

.... 70

...72

Gallinula

...74

Icterus

45

...80

Gallus

...60

Ignobiles

. ... 19

...81

Ganga

, ... 61

.... 21

...24

Garrots

...82

Indicators

.... 53

...41

Garrulus

, . . . 46

Geese

Jabiru

.... 69

...46

Brand! . . . .

. ... 82

Jacamar

. ... 51

... 21

Soland

... 81

Jacana

. ... 73

... 81

Glareola

, ... 65

Jacoos

. ... 59

... 48

Glaucopis.

. ... 45

Jays

.... 46

.. . 33

Gnat-snappers. . . .

...36

...34

Goatsuckers

.... 42

Kamichi

.... 73

...48

Godwits

... 71

Kingfishers

. ... 50

...68

Goldfinches

. ... 44

Kite

.... 21

... 15

Gracula

, ... 39

Knots

.... 71

... 16

Grakles

.... 39

...76

Grallae.

. ... 13

Labbes

.... 79

66

64

Lagopus

.... 61

... 63

Graucalus

.... 35

Lamellirostres. . .

.... 76

38

Griffon

16

. ,

81

...82

Grimpeurs

. ... 13

Langrayen

.... 34

... 81

Grossbeaks

. ... 44

Lanius

.... 14

Grous

. ... 61

.... 34

21

Grus

68

Proper. . .

34

... 24

Proper . . . . .

. ... 68

Lapwings

.... 67

ged

Guans

. ... 59

Larks

.... 42

... 24

Guillemots

.... 76

Sea

. ..71

, ... 13

Gymnocephalus .

. ... 37

Lavandieres

.... 41

38

Gymnoderes

. . . 38

Lestris

.... 79

, ... 69

Gvpaetos

. . . . 16

Limosa

.... 71

.... 82

....

. ... 18

Linaria

44

.... 26

Gypogeranus ....

.... 22

Linnets

.... 44

.... 43

Lobipes

72

... 48

llrematopus

.... 67

Longipennes . . . .

75

76

H nl ion ^

80

78

...47

Halloetus

.... 24

Longirostres

.... 65

. ... 25

Lophrophores . . .

.... 61

. 71

— - — — Proper.

25

Loxia

...14

Halodroma

.... 72

Lyre-tails

.... 39

... 16

Hardbeaks

. ... 45

... 19

Harles

. ... 83

Machetes

.... 72

INDEX TO TIIE ORNITHOLOGY*

Page.

M acreuses 82

Macrodactyla 65

r 73

Macrotarsus 72

Maenura .... 39

Malcohas 53

Manakins 40

Martins 41

Mauves 79

Meleagris 59

Men of war birds. ... 81

Mergansers 83

Mergus 76

83

Merops 49

! Microdactylus 68

Millouins 82

Milvus 21

■ 26

Proper 26

Mitoux 59

Mormon 77

Morphnus 24

25

Motacilla 40

i Moustaches 43

Muscicapa 36

37

Muscipata 36

Musophaga 57

Mycteria 69

Myothera 39

Naked-necks 38

Napauls 60

Nectarinia 48

Neophron 18

Nightingales 40

Nisus 26

Nobiles 19

Noctua 27

29

Nocturnae 15

27

Noddies 80

Nudipes 29

Numenius 70

Numida 61

Numidiciac 68

Nutcrackers 47

Nuthatches 46

Nyctea 29

Ocypterus 34

QEdicnemus 67

Onocrotalus 80

Open-beaks 70

Opisthrocomus 60

Oriolus 38

Page.

Ortalida 60

Orthorynchus 49

Ortycis 62

Ostriches 65

Otis 66

Otus 28

Ourax 59

Oyster-catchers 67

Pachyptila .... 78

Palamedea 73

Palmipedes 13

Pandion 25

Paradise (birds of). . . 47

Paradisaea 47

Parra 73

Parrakas 60

Parrakeet 55

Aras. 55

Arrow-tailed 55

Proper 55

with trunks. 56

Parrot 55

Partridge 61

Sea 65

Parus 43

43

Passeres 12

33

Pauxi 59

Pavo 58

Peacocks 58

Proper 58

Pelecanoides 78

Pelecanus 80

Pelican 80

Pelidna 71

Penelope 59

Penguins. 77

Patagonian. 77

Percnopterus 18

Perdix 61

Proper 61

Pernis 21

Petrels 18

Pezoporus 56

Ingambes.. 56

Phaeopus 71

Phaeton 81

Phalaropus 72

Phalocrocorax 80

Phasianus 60

Proper .... 60

Pheasant 60

Crested . ... 60

Phene 16

Philedon. 39

Phoenicopterus 65

Piauhau 37

Page.

Pica 46

Picoides 52

Picucules 48

Picus 52

Proper 52

Pigeons 62

Greenland... 76

Pintado 61

Pipra 40

Pitpits 46

Pitylus 44

Platalea 70

Ploceus 43

Plotus 81

Plovers. 66

Long-legged. . 73

Plumalae 34

Podarge 42

Podiceps /6

Pogonias 54

Polyplectrum 59

Porphyrio 74

Pratincoles 65

Pressirostres 64

66

Prionites 50

Prions 78

Procellaria 78

Proper 78

Procnias 38

Promerops 48

Psaris <. 35

Psittacus 55

Psophia 68

Pterocles 61

Pteroglossus 55

Puffins 78

Puflinus . . . 78

Purres 71

Pyrgita 43

Pyrrho-Corax 38

Pyrrhula 44

Quails 62

American 62

Quans 59

Rails 73

Rallus 75

Rhamphastos 54

Proper.. 55

Recurvirostra 72

Regulus 40

Remiz 43

Rhea 66

Rhynchops 80

Rollers 47

Ruffs and Reeves .... 72

Rupicola 40

Rynchoca 71

INDEX TO THE ORNITHOLOGY.

Page.

Sand-pipers 67

.!.!!!.’.] 71

Sarcorainphus 18

Sasa 60

Satyrus 60

Savacous 68

Saxicola 40

Scansores 13

51

Scolopax 70

Proper 71

Scops 29

Scopus 69

Screamers 73

Scythrops 53

Sea-dottrels 72

Sea Mews 79

Sea Pies 67

Serpentarius 22

Shore-birds 64

Shovelers 82

Shrikes. 34

Sitta 46

Skimmers. . . . 80

Snipes 71

72

Spheniscus 78

Spoon-bills 70

Squatarola 67

Stares 46

Starlings 46

Stercoraires 79

Sterna 79

Stints 71

Storks 69

Straw-tails 81

Strepsilas 72

Strix 14

27

28

Struthio 65

Sturnus 46

Sugar birds 49

Page.

Sugar-eaters . . 49

Sula 81

Sultans 74

Surnia 29

Swallows 41

Sea 79

Sylvia 10

Syrnium 29

Tachydromus 67

Tadornes 83

Tamatias 54

Tanagers 35

— Cardinals.. . 35

Euphones . . 35

Grossbeaks.. 36

Loriots 36

Proper 36

Ramphoceles 36

Tanagra . 35

Tantalus 70

Temia 47

Tenuirostres 34

48

Terns 80

Tetras 61

Thrushes., 38

Ant 39

Tichodroma. ........ 48

Tinamus 60

Tisserins 43

Titmice 43

Todies 5§

Todus 50

Torcols 52.

Totanus 72,

Tolipalmes 75

80.

Toucans 54

Touracous 57

Tridactyla? 52.,

Tridactyles. 62

Tringa 67

Proper 67

Page.

Trochilus 49

Tropic-birds

Troglodytes 40

Trogon 54

Trumpeters 68

Turd us 38

Turkics 59

Turnix 62

Turnstones 72

Tyrannus 36

Ulula 28

Umbres 69

Upupa. 48

Proper 48

Uria 76

Vanga 34

Vidua 44

Virago 63

Vouroudrious 53

Vultur 14

16

18

Vulture 16

Proper 18

Waders 64

W ag-tails 41

Wasp-eaters 50

Water-fowls 74

Water Ouzels 39

Wattlebirds 45

Weavers 43

Whimbrels 71

Woodcocks 71

Woodpeckers 52

Wrens 40

Wrynecks 52

Xanthornus 46

Ynambus 62

Yunx 62

INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA.

Page.

Agouti

. . . . 60

Amphibia

... 34

— — — t t t . . . .

42

Anoplotherium.. .

. ... 71

Ant-Eaters

. . . . 65

Spiny.

.... 66

Antelope

78

Apes

17

American . .

17

Fox-headed.

.... 22

Howling. . .

. ... 21

Proper

. ... 17

Arctomys

. . . . 53

Arctopithecus.. . .

17

Armadillo

Ateles

. ... 21

Auriola

. ... 55

Aye- Aye

. ... 53

Baboons

. ... 18

19

Badger

. ... 35

Balantia

47

Balaena

. ... 87

Prnppr,

.. 88

Balaenoptera

. ... 88

Bats

. ... 26

Common...

.... 27

Ternate. . . .

. ... 27

Bathyergus

.... 53

Bear

. . . . 34

Beaver

.... 52

Bimana

. . . . 7

9

11

Bison

. . . . 83

Bos

.... 78

Bradypus

.... 62

Bubalus

. . . . 80

Buffalo

. ... 83

Cahiai

. ... 60

Cachalot

. . . . 87

Camelus

. ... 77

Camel

.... 77

— Peruvian

77

Camelopardalis . .

.... 77

Canis

.... 36

.... 38

.... 40

Capra

.... 78

Page.

Carnivora 24

33

Castor 52

Cavia GO

Cebus 20

21

Centenes 32

Cephalotes 27

Cercopithecus 18

Cercoleptes 35

Cervus 77

Cetacea 8

83

84

Cete 84

86

Chamois 80

Cheirogaleus 23

Cheiroptera 24

26

Cheiromys 53

Chloromys 63

Chrysochloris 32

Civet 40

Coati 35

Cobay 60

Coelogenus 60

Cricetus 57

Cynocephalus 20

Dama 81

Daman 72

Dasyprocta 60

Dasyurus 46

Dasypus 64

Deer 77

Delphinus 86

Proper 86

Delphinaptera 86

Desman.] 31

Dicotylus! 71

Didelphis. 25

45

Proper 46

Digitigrada 33

36

Dipus 57

Dormouse 56

Dugong 85

Echidna 66

Page.

Echimys. 56

Edentata 8

61

Proper 64

Elephant 68

Elephas 68

Equus 74

Erinaceus 31

Felis 36

41

Foumart 37

Fox 40

Galago 22

Galeopithecus 26

Gazel 80

Genetta 40

Genet 40

Georgychus 56

Giraffe 77

Glossophagusf Ornitho-

Glutton (Wolverine). 35

Guenons 18

Guerlinguets 58

Gulo 35

Halmaturus 49

Ilalicore 85

Hamsters 57

Ilapale 17

II ares 59

Iledge-hog 31

Helamys ... 53

Ilerbivora 84

85

Herpestes 40

Hippopotamus 70

Hog (Water) 60

Homo 11

Hyaena 36

41

Hydromys 57

Ilydrochoerus 60

Ilyperoodon 86

IIypsyprymnus( 48

Hypudaeus 56

II y rax 72

Hystrix 59

INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA

Ichneumon

Indris

Insectivora

Page.
.... 40
.... 22
.... 24
31

Jerboa

.... 57

Kanguroo

.... 49

Rat. . . .

.... 48

Kinkajous

.... 35

Koala

49

Langomys

.... 59

Lama

77

Lamantin

85

Lemming

56

Lemur

17

22

Elvinp

26

Lepus

59

Proper. .

59

Lichanotus

22

Loir

56

Loris

22

Lupus

38

Macaucos

20

Macropus

45

4Q

Magots

19

Makis

17

Proper. . . .

22

Mammoth

68

Manatus

Mandrills

Mangoustes . . .

40

Manis

Marmot

53

Martin

37

Mastodon

Megaderma ....

Meles

Mephitis

Mole

Mole-Rats

Gape

53

Molossus

Monkeys

Monstrema

6R

Monodon

Morse

Moschus

M outlet tes

Mus

. . . 59.

— — . «

— — Proper . . . .

Musk

Mustela

Page.

Mustela 37

Proper 37

Mycetes 21

Mygale 31

Myoxus 56

Myrmecophaga 65

Nanguer 81

Narval 87

Nf-sua 35

Noctilio 28

Nyctinoma 28

Nycteris 30

Nylgau 81

Ondatra 56

Opossum 46

Orangs 17

19

Ornithorynchus 66

Oryctecopus 65

Oryx 80

Otaries 44

Otolicnus 22

Otter 37

Ovis 78

Pacas 60

Pachydermata 8

67 *

Proper. . . 67

. . 68

. . 70

Paloeotherium 72

Pangolin 65

Papio 18

Pecarisj 71

Peccary 71

Pedetes < 53

Pedimana 45

Perameles 46

Petaurus 48

Phaco-Chrerus 71

Phalangista . ....... 47

Proper. . . 47

Phascolomys 50

Phoca 42

44

Proper 44

Phocjena 86

Phyllostoma 29

Physeter 87

Pica 59

Pig (Guinea) 60

Plantigrada 33

......... 34

Platypus 66

Plecotus 30

Polatouches 59

Pole cat 37

Page.

Pongo 18

Porcupine 59

Porpoise 87

Potto 35

Proboscidea 67

68

Procyon 34

Pteromys 59

Pteropus 27

28

Putorius 37

Quadrumana 7

16

Raccoon 35

Rat 57

Spiny 56

Rhinoceros 71

Rhinolophus 29

Rhynopoma 30

Rodentia 7

./. 51

52

Roussets 27

Ruminantia 8

75

Rytina 86

Ryzaena 40

Sakis 21

Sapajoos 17

20

Proper. . ... 20

Sarcophaga 7

23

24

Sarigues 46

Satyrus 19

Scalops 31

Sciurus 53

58

Seal 42

74

Shrew 31

Musk 31

Skunk 37

Sloth 62

Solipeda 67

74

Sorex. 34

Squireel 53

Flying 59

Madagascar 53

Stellera 86

Stenoderma 28

Stenops 22

INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA.

Page.

Suricate 40

Sus 70

Proper 71

Tachyglossus 66

Talpa 33

Talpoides 52

Tamias £>8

Tanrec 32

Tapir 72

Tardigrada 61

62

Tardigradus 22

Tarsius

Tatoo

Tendrac

Page.

22

64

32

Thaphozous. . .

30

Thylacis

Trichechus. . . .

43

Troglodytes. . .

19

Ursus.

34

Vermiforma. .

36

Vespertilio. . .

26

—

27

Page,

Vespertilio Communis 30
Proper.... 27

Viverra 36

38

40

Proper 40

Vulpes 40

Walrus 43

Weazel 37

Wistitis 17

Wombat 50

In the Press.

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